gh-157899: Add support for fds pointing to symlinks in os.readlink().

Doc/library/os.rst

@@ -2799,14 +2799,23 @@ features:
    may be converted to an absolute pathname using
    ``os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), result)``.
 
-   If the *path* is a string object (directly or indirectly through a
-   :class:`PathLike` interface), the result will also be a string object,
-   and the call may raise a UnicodeDecodeError. If the *path* is a bytes
-   object (direct or indirectly), the result will be a bytes object.
-
    This function can also support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
    <dir_fd>`.
 
+   On Linux, Android, macOS and iOS, *path* can also be a file descriptor referring
+   to a symbolic link. In that case, *dir_fd* must be ``None``.
+   (On Linux and Android, such a file descriptor must be obtained through
+   :func:`os.open` with ``os.O_RDONLY | os.O_PATH | os.O_NOFOLLOW``.
+   On macOS and iOS, :func:`os.open` must be called with
+   ``os.O_RDONLY | os.O_SYMLINK``.)
+   On other operating systems, a ``NotImplementedError`` is raised if *path*
+   is an integer.
+
+   If the *path* is a string object (directly or indirectly through a
+   :class:`PathLike` interface) or a file descriptor, the result will be a
+   string object, and the call may raise a UnicodeDecodeError. If the *path*
+   is a bytes object (direct or indirectly), the result will be a bytes object.
+
    When trying to resolve a path that may contain links, use
    :func:`~os.path.realpath` to properly handle recursion and platform
    differences.
@@ -2829,6 +2838,10 @@ features:
       substitution path (which typically includes ``\\?\`` prefix) rather
       than the optional "print name" field that was previously returned.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: next
+      Accepts file descriptors pointing to symbolic links as *path* on
+      Linux, Android, macOS and iOS.
+
 .. function:: remove(path, *, dir_fd=None)
 
    Remove (delete) the file *path*.  If *path* is a directory, an

Doc/whatsnew/3.16.rst

@@ -546,6 +546,10 @@ os
   now raises :exc:`PermissionError` instead of the functions being unavailable.
   (Contributed by Md Arif in :gh:`152936`.)
 
+* :func:`os.readlink` now accepts a file descriptor referring to a symlink on
+  Linux, Android, macOS and iOS.
+  (Contributed by OOTS in :gh:`157899`.)
+
 
 pydoc
 -----

Lib/os.py

@@ -161,6 +161,9 @@ def _add(str, fn):
         _add("HAVE_FSTATVFS", "statvfs")
     if _exists("statx"):
         _set.add(statx)
+    _add("HAVE_FREADLINK", "readlink")
+    if sys.platform in ["linux", "android"] and "O_PATH" in _globals:
+        _add("HAVE_READLINKAT", "readlink")
     supports_fd = _set
 
     _set = set()

Lib/test/test_os/test_posix.py

@@ -1881,6 +1881,74 @@ def test_readlink_dir_fd(self):
             self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, fullname)
             self.assertEqual(posix.readlink(name, dir_fd=dir_fd), 'symlink')
 
+
+    _support_readlink_with_fd = (
+        hasattr(os, 'readlink') \
+        and os.readlink in os.supports_fd
+    )
+
+    def _open_symlink_as_fd(self, path):
+        open_flags = os.O_RDONLY
+        if hasattr(os, "O_SYMLINK"):  # macOS/iOS
+            open_flags |= os.O_SYMLINK
+        elif hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW") and hasattr(os, "O_PATH"):  # Linux/Android
+            open_flags |= os.O_NOFOLLOW | os.O_PATH
+        else:
+            self.fail("lacking open flags for this test")
+        return os.open(path, open_flags)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_support_readlink_with_fd,
+                         "feature not supported on this platform")
+    def test_readlink_with_fd(self):
+        with self.prepare() as (dir_fd, name, fullname):
+            os.symlink("symlink", fullname)
+            self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, fullname)
+            fd = self._open_symlink_as_fd(fullname)
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+            self.assertEqual(os.readlink(fd), "symlink")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_support_readlink_with_fd,
+                         "feature not supported on this platform")
+    def test_readlink_with_fd_not_referring_to_symlink_throws(self):
+        with self.prepare_file() as (dir_fd, name, fullname):
+            fd = os.open(fullname, os.O_RDONLY)
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+            # on Linux/Android, readlinkat("", fd, ...) fails with ENOENT, which
+            # Python translates to a FileNotFoundError, a subclass of OSError.
+            # On macOS, freadlink(fd, ...) fails with EINVAL, which gets raised
+            # as a OSError.
+            # So catching OSError here covers both cases.
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                os.readlink(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_support_readlink_with_fd,
+                         "feature not supported on this platform")
+    def test_readlink_with_fd_throws_if_both_fd_and_dir_fd_are_given(self):
+        with self.prepare() as (dir_fd, name, fullname):
+            os.symlink("symlink", fullname)
+            self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, fullname)
+            fd = self._open_symlink_as_fd(fullname)
+            self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                os.readlink(fd, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(_support_readlink_with_fd,
+                     "feature is supported on this platform")
+    def test_readlink_with_fd_throws_not_implemented_error(self):
+        # on unsupported platforms, we may not even be able to get a
+        # file descriptor for a symlink, so use a fd for an ordinary file
+        os_helper.create_empty_file(os_helper.TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, os_helper.TESTFN)
+        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, fd)
+        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
+            os.readlink(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform in ["linux", "android", "darwin", "ios"],
+                         "feature not supported on this platform")
+    def test_readlink_is_marked_as_supports_fd(self):
+        self.assertIn(os.readlink, os.supports_fd)
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(os.rename in os.supports_dir_fd, "test needs dir_fd support in os.rename()")
     def test_rename_dir_fd(self):
         with self.prepare_file() as (dir_fd, name, fullname), \
@@ -2620,6 +2688,17 @@ def test_readlink(self):
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, "dir_fd unavailable"):
                 os.readlink("path",  dir_fd=0)
 
+    def test_freadlink(self):
+        self._verify_available("HAVE_FREADLINK")
+        if self.mac_ver >= (13, 0):
+            self.assertIn("HAVE_FREADLINK", posix._have_functions)
+
+        else:
+            self.assertNotIn("HAVE_FREADLINK", posix._have_functions)
+            errmsg = "readlink cannot read file descriptors on this platform"
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, errmsg):
+                os.readlink(0)
+
     def test_symlink(self):
         self._verify_available("HAVE_SYMLINKAT")
         if self.mac_ver >= (10, 10):

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2026-09-21-14-41-07.gh-issue-157899.s6vBQC.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+:func:`os.readlink` now accepts a file descriptor referring to a
+symlink on Linux, Android, macOS and iOS.

Modules/posixmodule.c

@@ -505,6 +505,7 @@ static const unsigned int _Py_STATX_KNOWN = (STATX_BASIC_STATS | STATX_BTIME
 #  define HAVE_UNLINKAT_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.10, iOS 8.0, *)
 #  define HAVE_OPENAT_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.10, iOS 8.0, *)
 #  define HAVE_READLINKAT_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.10, iOS 8.0, *)
+#  define HAVE_FREADLINK_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 13.0, iOS 16.0, *)
 #  define HAVE_SYMLINKAT_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.10, iOS 8.0, *)
 #  define HAVE_FUTIMENS_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.13, iOS 11.0, tvOS 11.0, watchOS 4.0, *)
 #  define HAVE_UTIMENSAT_RUNTIME __builtin_available(macOS 10.13, iOS 11.0, tvOS 11.0, watchOS 4.0, *)
@@ -571,6 +572,10 @@ static const unsigned int _Py_STATX_KNOWN = (STATX_BASIC_STATS | STATX_BTIME
 #    define HAVE_READLINKAT_RUNTIME (readlinkat != NULL)
 #  endif
 
+#  ifdef _Py_HAVE_FREADLINK
+#    define HAVE_FREADLINK_RUNTIME (freadlink != NULL)
+#  endif
+
 #  ifdef HAVE_SYMLINKAT
 #    define HAVE_SYMLINKAT_RUNTIME (symlinkat != NULL)
 #  endif
@@ -10979,11 +10984,19 @@ os_unshare_impl(PyObject *module, int flags)
 #endif
 
 
+
 #if defined(HAVE_READLINK) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+
+#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__)) && defined(O_PATH)
+// readlinkat(fd, "", ...) reads the symlink that fd refers to.
+// supported since Linux 2.6.39 (same version that O_PATH was introduced).
+#define _Py_READLINKAT_SUPPORTS_EMPTY_PATH
+#endif
+
 /*[clinic input]
 os.readlink
 
-    path: path_t
+    path: path_t(allow_fd=True)
     *
     dir_fd: dir_fd(requires='readlinkat') = None
 
@@ -10995,48 +11008,74 @@ that directory.
 
 dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.  If it is unavailable,
 using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
+
+On Linux, Android, macOS and iOS, path may be a file descriptor
+referring to a symlink. If it is, dir_fd must be None.
 [clinic start generated code]*/
 
 static PyObject *
 os_readlink_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int dir_fd)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=d21b732a2e814030 input=03d10130870dbca8]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=d21b732a2e814030 input=d90bddfeee86f673]*/
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_READLINK)
     char buffer[MAXPATHLEN+1];
     ssize_t length;
-#ifdef HAVE_READLINKAT
-    int readlinkat_unavailable = 0;
-#endif
 
-    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+    if (path_and_dir_fd_invalid("readlink", path, dir_fd)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (path->is_fd) {
+#if defined(_Py_HAVE_FREADLINK)
+        if (HAVE_FREADLINK_RUNTIME) {
+            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+            length = freadlink(path->fd, buffer, MAXPATHLEN);
+            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+        } else
+#elif defined(HAVE_READLINKAT) && defined(_Py_READLINKAT_SUPPORTS_EMPTY_PATH)
+        // linux/android:
+        // readlinkat(fd, "", ...) reads the link that fd refers to.
+        if (HAVE_READLINKAT_RUNTIME) {
+            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+            length = readlinkat(path->fd, "", buffer, MAXPATHLEN);
+            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+        } else
+#endif
+        {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
+                "readlink cannot read file descriptors on this platform");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    } else
 #ifdef HAVE_READLINKAT
     if (dir_fd != DEFAULT_DIR_FD) {
         if (HAVE_READLINKAT_RUNTIME) {
+            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
             length = readlinkat(dir_fd, path->narrow, buffer, MAXPATHLEN);
+            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
         } else {
-            readlinkat_unavailable = 1;
+            argument_unavailable_error(NULL, "dir_fd");
+            return NULL;
         }
     } else
 #endif
+    {
+        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
         length = readlink(path->narrow, buffer, MAXPATHLEN);
-    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
-
-#ifdef HAVE_READLINKAT
-    if (readlinkat_unavailable) {
-        argument_unavailable_error(NULL, "dir_fd");
-        return NULL;
+        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
     }
-#endif
 
     if (length < 0) {
         return path_error(path);
     }
     buffer[length] = '\0';
 
-    if (PyUnicode_Check(path->object))
+    if (path->is_fd || PyUnicode_Check(path->object)) {
         return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(buffer, length);
-    else
+    }
+    else {
         return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buffer, length);
+    }
 #elif defined(MS_WINDOWS)
     DWORD n_bytes_returned;
     DWORD io_result = 0;
@@ -11045,6 +11084,12 @@ os_readlink_impl(PyObject *module, path_t *path, int dir_fd)
     _Py_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *rdb = (_Py_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *)target_buffer;
     PyObject *result = NULL;
 
+    if (path->is_fd) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
+            "readlink cannot read file descriptors on this platform");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     /* First get a handle to the reparse point */
     Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
     reparse_point_handle = CreateFileW(
@@ -18878,6 +18923,10 @@ PROBE(probe_openat, HAVE_OPENAT_RUNTIME)
 PROBE(probe_readlinkat, HAVE_READLINKAT_RUNTIME)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef _Py_HAVE_FREADLINK
+PROBE(probe_freadlink, HAVE_FREADLINK_RUNTIME)
+#endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_SYMLINKAT
 PROBE(probe_symlinkat, HAVE_SYMLINKAT_RUNTIME)
 #endif
@@ -18945,6 +18994,10 @@ static const struct have_function {
     { "HAVE_FPATHCONF", NULL },
 #endif
 
+#ifdef _Py_HAVE_FREADLINK
+    { "HAVE_FREADLINK", probe_freadlink },
+#endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_FSTATAT
     { "HAVE_FSTATAT", probe_fstatat },
 #endif