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Integrate a symbolic secant power, a half-odd power of a ± a sin, and an even cosine power - #1975

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integrate-secant-powers-and-half-odd-sine-powers
Oct 20, 2026
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@Rafael-SOWNet Rafael-SOWNet commented Oct 20, 2026 •

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Three seams of Rubi's family 4:

  • (b sec(y))^m tan(y)^3 was declined only because m was not a number. In u = sec(y) it is (b u)^m (u^2 - 1)/u, and the rule for an odd power of the tangent beside a function of the secant now reads a power free of x whatever its exponent. A negative power of the tangent beside it leaves something hypergeometric, and is still declined.
  • 1/(sqrt(a + a sin(y)) (c + d sin(y))^2) and its kin are answered by the half angle at which a + a sin(y) is a square. They never reached it, because the polynomial term asked the substitution search first, and the search spent the budget. A half-odd power of a ± a sin(y) beside another linear in the same sine or cosine is now asked that first.
  • cos(y)^4 sin(y)^3/(a + b sin(y))^2: an even whole power of the cosine is a power of 1 - sin(y)^2, so beside a power of the sine above the bar the integrand is a polynomial in the sine over the power. Without a sine above the bar, the rules after this one answer as before. cos(y)^4/(a + b sin(y))^8 is 40K characters there and was 106K here, using 11.9 GB against 8.1 GB, so the rule declines it.

Measured on 8a1ef454, branch against master:

Run Problems Master Branch
Pocket: Rubi's 4.x 2,061 1,967 solved 1,994 solved
Family 1, 40 a file 1,381 1,362 1,362
Family 0, whole 1,814 1,789 1,789
Families 2 to 8, sampled 2,410 2,362 2,360

Re-run alone on both builds, 28 problems go from timed out or unevaluated to answered, in 13 ms to 6.2 s: Rubi's 4.1.2.1:404–406, 412–414, 475, 644, 653, 654, 659–661 and 666–668; 4.1.2.2:1444, 1452, 1605–1607, 1615 and 1616; 4.1.3.1:364; and 4.3.0:444, 445, 478 and 479. None goes the other way.

The two sampled problems master answered and the branch did not, 6.4.2:50 and 7.4.1:369, are the ones that take 21–25 s against a 5 s budget. Re-run alone, the branch answers both, and master answers 6.4.2:50.

The pocket ran before the sine-above-the-bar condition was added. That condition only narrows the rule. With it, the seven 4.1.2.2 gains are answered in 0.1–0.4 s (master runs past 60 s), and 4.1.1.2:514 is master's answer again, character for character. No run had a wrong answer.

The new and extended tests differentiate the answers back, with a negative b for the secant. BREAKING-CHANGES.md has the entry, with the 2.5.0 column measured on v2.5.0.

Part of #233.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura

… an even cosine power

Three seams of Rubi's family 4:

- (b sec(y))^m tan(y)^3 was declined only because m was not a number; in
  u = sec(y) it is (b u)^m (u^2 - 1)/u, and the rule for an odd power of the
  tangent beside a function of the secant reads a power free of x whatever its
  exponent now. A negative power of the tangent beside it is hypergeometric and
  still declined.
- 1/(sqrt(a + a sin(y)) (c + d sin(y))^2) and its kin are answered by the half
  angle at which a + a sin(y) is a square. They never reached it: the polynomial
  term asked the substitution search first, which spent the budget.
- cos(y)^4 sin(y)^3/(a + b sin(y))^2: an even whole power of the cosine is a
  power of 1 - sin(y)^2, so beside a power of the sine above the bar the
  integrand is a polynomial in the sine over the power. Without a sine above
  the bar the rules after it answer as before: cos(y)^4/(a + b sin(y))^8 is 40K
  characters there and was 106K here.

Rubi pocket (2,061 rows of family 4): 1967 -> 1994 solved; the moves re-run
alone gain 28 rows (4.1.2.1 x16, 4.1.2.2 x7, 4.1.3.1:364, 4.3.0 x4), none lost.

Part of #233.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_012sonx8iAspMiwRwokT1Ura
@Rafael-SOWNet Rafael-SOWNet added this to the 2.6.0 milestone Oct 20, 2026
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Rafael-SOWNet merged commit a3bc645 into master Oct 20, 2026
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@github-project-automation github-project-automation Bot moved this from Todo to Done in AngouriMath Oct 20, 2026
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Rafael-SOWNet deleted the integrate-secant-powers-and-half-odd-sine-powers branch October 29, 2026 00:43
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