diff --git a/CHANGES_1.in.rst b/CHANGES_1.in.rst
index 0d6eae4..65b6023 100644
--- a/CHANGES_1.in.rst
+++ b/CHANGES_1.in.rst
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ New features:
 
 Bug fixes:
 
+- Escape literal regex set operators in gitignore bracket expressions so valid patterns compile when FutureWarning is treated as an error.
 - Hyperscan backend no longer fails on multibyte UTF-8 characters.
 - `Pull #123`_: Ignore invalid gitignore bracket ranges for `GitIgnoreSpec`.
 - `Pull #128`_: Support POSIX character classes (e.g. `[[:alpha:]]`) in gitignore bracket expressions.
diff --git a/pathspec/patterns/gitignore/base.py b/pathspec/patterns/gitignore/base.py
index 5deb32e..880dd3f 100644
--- a/pathspec/patterns/gitignore/base.py
+++ b/pathspec/patterns/gitignore/base.py
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 	r'|\\(.)'
 	# POSIX class.
 	r'|\[:(\^?)([^:\]]*):\]'
+	# Literal characters reserved for future regex set operations.
+	r'|(\[|&|~|\|)'
 ), re.DOTALL)
 """
 Matches tokens inside a bracket expression:
@@ -32,6 +34,8 @@
 -	Matches a POSIX bracket character class token such as ``[:alpha:]`` inside a
 	bracket expression. Group 4 captures a leading caret (unsupported by git);
 	group 5 captures the class name.
+
+- A literal character requiring regex escaping (group 6).
 """
 
 _BYTES_ENCODING = 'latin1'
@@ -102,13 +106,14 @@ def _sub_bracket_token(match: re.Match[str]) -> str:
 	"""
 	Translate a single token matched by :data:`_BRACKET_TOKEN_REGEX`. A token can
 	be a range (groups 1 and 2), a backslash escaped character (group 3), or a
-	POSIX bracket character class (groups 4 and 5).
+	POSIX bracket character class (groups 4 and 5), or a literal regex set
+	operator character (group 6).
 
 	*match* (:class:`re.Match`) is the match object.
 
 	Returns the replacement string (:class:`str`).
 	"""
-	range_start, range_end, escape_char, class_negated, class_name = match.groups()
+	range_start, range_end, escape_char, class_negated, class_name, literal_char = match.groups()
 
 	# Character range. A bracket expression cannot match a directory separator.
 	if range_start is not None:
@@ -120,6 +125,8 @@ def _sub_bracket_token(match: re.Match[str]) -> str:
 	# Backslash escaped character.
 	if escape_char:
 		return re.escape(escape_char)
+	elif literal_char:
+		return re.escape(literal_char)
 
 	# POSIX bracket character class.
 	class_regex = _POSIX_CLASS_TO_REGEX.get(class_name)
diff --git a/tests/test_10_gitignore_bracket_literals.py b/tests/test_10_gitignore_bracket_literals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b14ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_10_gitignore_bracket_literals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+"""Test literal regex set operators in gitignore bracket expressions."""
+
+import re
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+from pathspec import GitIgnoreSpec, PathSpec
+from pathspec.patterns.gitignore.basic import GitIgnoreBasicPattern
+from pathspec.patterns.gitignore.spec import GitIgnoreSpecPattern
+from pathspec.patterns.gitwildmatch import GitWildMatchPattern
+
+from .util import require_backend
+
+
+CASES = (
+	('[[]draft].md', ('[draft].md',), ('draft.md', 'adraft].md')),
+	('[a&&b].pdf', ('a.pdf', '&.pdf', 'b.pdf'), ('c.pdf', 'ab.pdf')),
+	('[a||b].pdf', ('a.pdf', '|.pdf', 'b.pdf'), ('c.pdf', 'ab.pdf')),
+	('[a~~b].pdf', ('a.pdf', '~.pdf', 'b.pdf'), ('c.pdf', 'ab.pdf')),
+	('[![]draft].md', ('adraft].md',), ('[draft].md', 'draft.md')),
+	('[!a&&b].pdf', ('c.pdf',), ('a.pdf', '&.pdf', 'b.pdf')),
+	('[^a||b].pdf', ('c.pdf',), ('a.pdf', '|.pdf', 'b.pdf')),
+	('[!a~~b].pdf', ('c.pdf',), ('a.pdf', '~.pdf', 'b.pdf')),
+	('[[:digit:]&&a-c].pdf', ('0.pdf', '&.pdf', 'b.pdf'), ('d.pdf', 'x.pdf')),
+	(r'[\[\&\|\~].pdf', ('[.pdf', '&.pdf', '|.pdf', '~.pdf'), ('a.pdf',)),
+	('[--0].pdf', ('-.pdf', '..pdf', '0.pdf'), ('1.pdf', '/.pdf')),
+)
+
+
+class BracketLiteralTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+	def test_pattern_literals(self):
+		for factory in (GitIgnoreBasicPattern, GitIgnoreSpecPattern, GitWildMatchPattern):
+			for line, matches, misses in CASES:
+				for as_bytes in (False, True):
+					for errors in (None, 'literal', 'null', 'raise'):
+						with self.subTest(factory=factory, line=line, as_bytes=as_bytes, errors=errors):
+							re.purge()
+							with warnings.catch_warnings():
+								warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
+								warnings.simplefilter('error', FutureWarning)
+								pattern = factory(line.encode() if as_bytes else line, errors=errors)
+							for paths, expected in ((matches, True), (misses, False)):
+								for path in paths:
+									self.assertEqual(
+										bool(pattern.match_file(path.encode() if as_bytes else path)),
+										expected, path,
+									)
+
+	def test_spec_literals(self):
+		for backend in ('simple', 're2', 'hyperscan'):
+			with self.subTest(backend=backend):
+				require_backend(backend)
+				for line, matches, misses in CASES:
+					for style in ('gitignore', 'gitwildmatch', None):
+						with self.subTest(line=line, style=style):
+							re.purge()
+							with warnings.catch_warnings():
+								warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
+								warnings.simplefilter('error', FutureWarning)
+								if style is None:
+									spec = GitIgnoreSpec.from_lines([line], backend=backend)
+								else:
+									spec = PathSpec.from_lines(style, [line], backend=backend)
+							for prefix in ('', 'docs/'):
+								for paths, expected in ((matches, True), (misses, False)):
+									for path in paths:
+										self.assertEqual(spec.match_file(prefix + path), expected, path)