diff --git a/crates/devtools/src/bin/stage_pipeline.rs b/crates/devtools/src/bin/stage_pipeline.rs
index 0062f5a1b..fe4833e27 100644
--- a/crates/devtools/src/bin/stage_pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/devtools/src/bin/stage_pipeline.rs
@@ -6,18 +6,22 @@
 // Writes an `asap-stage-pipeline/v1` document (tools/dag-viewer) with the
 // four planner stages (#509 MVP):
 //   - stage0_logical: the frontends' workload DAG, one root per query;
-//   - stage1_logical_asap: Pass 1 workload candidates, one per choice of a
-//     local alternative for every target (the Cartesian product), in
-//     enumeration order and capped by `--max-candidates` (default 64);
+//   - stage1_logical_asap: Stage 1 workload candidates, one per choice of a
+//     local alternative for every target (Pass 1, the Cartesian product), for
+//     the queries as written and, when Pass 2's identical-expression rule
+//     merges something, again with identical sub-DAGs shared ("· shared
+//     input"); in enumeration order and capped by `--max-candidates`
+//     (default 64);
 //   - stage2_physical_asap: one physical candidate per logical candidate
 //     (operator implementation only, everything at query time), no cost;
 //   - stage3_selection: per-candidate costs, the selected candidate, and
 //     every other candidate as rejected (`valid: false`, including one that
 //     could not be built) or costlier.
 //
-// The enumeration is the library's (`plan_selection::select_exhaustive`);
-// the facade's dynamic program selects the same winner when its
-// assumptions hold.
+// Everything is the library's `plan_selection::plan_stages`, the function the
+// facade runs; this tool only serializes it. Stage 3 here is over every
+// displayed candidate; the facade's dynamic program selects the same winner
+// when its assumptions hold.
 //
 // `--promql` may repeat. `--epsilon`/`--delta` apply to every `--promql`
 // query; without them the queries are exact. `--interval-ms` is the source
@@ -26,11 +30,11 @@
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::{
-    choice_index, enumerate_local_logical_candidates, LocalLogicalCandidates,
+    choice_index, combination_count, LocalLogicalCandidates,
 };
 use asap_logical_optimizer::Realization;
 use asap_plan_selection::PlanningModels;
-use asap_plan_selection::{select_exhaustive, Selection, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES};
+use asap_plan_selection::{plan_stages, Selection, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES};
 use asap_types::ir::flat::{flatten, FlatDag};
 use asap_types::ir::schema::SketchAlgorithm;
 use asap_types::ir::schema_support::with_promql_series_identity;
@@ -109,28 +113,44 @@ fn stage_pipeline(workload: &PlanningWorkload, max_candidates: usize) -> Result<
         })
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
     let stage0 = export(&roots)?;
-    let inventory = enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots.into_iter().enumerate().collect())
-        .map_err(|e| format!("Pass 1: {e}"))?;
-    let owners = target_owners(&inventory);
     let targets: Vec<_> = workload
         .query_workload
         .entries()
         .map(|entry| Some(entry.requirements.accuracy.target()))
         .collect();
     let data = workload.data_workload.clone().unwrap_or_default();
-    let enumeration = select_exhaustive(
-        &inventory,
+    let run = plan_stages(
+        roots.into_iter().enumerate().collect(),
         &targets,
         &data,
         PlanningModels::builtin(),
-        max_candidates,
+        max_candidates.max(1),
     )
-    .map_err(|e| format!("Stage 3: {e}"))?;
+    .map_err(|e| format!("planning: {e}"))?;
+    let enumeration = run.enumeration.expect("display was requested");
+    let combinations = enumeration.combinations;
     let mut candidates = Vec::new();
     let mut stage2 = Vec::new();
     for candidate in &enumeration.candidates {
-        let index = choice_index(&inventory, &candidate.choice) + 1;
-        let label = label(&inventory, &owners, &candidate.choice);
+        // Candidates of the shared variant are numbered after the independent ones.
+        let mut offset = 0;
+        let variant = run
+            .stage1
+            .iter()
+            .find(|v| {
+                let found = v.shared == candidate.shared;
+                if !found {
+                    offset += combination_count(&v.inventory);
+                }
+                found
+            })
+            .expect("the candidate's variant");
+        let inventory = &variant.inventory;
+        let index = offset + choice_index(inventory, &candidate.choice) + 1;
+        let mut label = label(inventory, &target_owners(inventory), &candidate.choice);
+        if candidate.shared {
+            label += " · shared input";
+        }
         if let Some(logical) = &candidate.logical {
             let roots: Vec<_> = logical.iter().map(|(_, root)| root.clone()).collect();
             candidates
@@ -147,8 +167,8 @@ fn stage_pipeline(workload: &PlanningWorkload, max_candidates: usize) -> Result<
         "workload": { "queries": workload_queries(workload) },
         "stage0_logical": { "dag": stage0 },
         "stage1_logical_asap": {
-            "combinations": enumeration.combinations,
-            "capped": enumeration.combinations > max_candidates,
+            "combinations": combinations,
+            "capped": combinations > max_candidates,
             "candidates": candidates,
         },
         "stage2_physical_asap": { "candidates": stage2 },
diff --git a/crates/integration-tests/tests/planner_layering_example1.rs b/crates/integration-tests/tests/planner_layering_example1.rs
index 13903f878..7b3ed6cde 100644
--- a/crates/integration-tests/tests/planner_layering_example1.rs
+++ b/crates/integration-tests/tests/planner_layering_example1.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@
 //! MVP scope: Stage 1 = Pass 1 + the identical-expression rule only (no
 //! window-composition variants); Stage 2 = physical operator implementation
 //! only (no materialization). Counts follow the planner's output (user
-//! decision): 1 → 24 → 24 → 1, because Pass 1 also offers exact accumulators.
-//! The doc's 1 → 54 → 156 → 1 needs window composition and materialization.
+//! decision): 1 → 48 → 48 → 1, because Pass 1 also offers exact accumulators
+//! (24 combinations) and Pass 2 adds a shared-input variant of each. The
+//! doc's 1 → 54 → 156 → 1 needs window composition and materialization.
 
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashSet};
 
@@ -36,9 +37,8 @@ mod stages {
     use std::rc::Rc;
 
     use super::*;
-    use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::{
-        compose_logical_candidate, enumerate_local_logical_candidates,
-    };
+
+    use asap_plan_selection::{plan_stages, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES};
     use asap_types::ir::{OperatorNode, QueryRoot};
 
     /// One whole-workload candidate. `query_roots` holds one root per
@@ -141,39 +141,41 @@ mod stages {
         candidate("S0".into(), "frontend".into(), lower(workload))
     }
 
-    /// Stage 1: every combination of Pass 1 local alternatives (Pass 2 is
-    /// not implemented). Lowers `workload` again: Pass 1 reads the in-memory
+    /// Stage 1: every combination of Pass 1 local alternatives, independent
+    /// and with the shared input (Pass 2), as the library's stage pipeline
+    /// enumerates them. Lowers `workload` again: Pass 1 reads the in-memory
     /// DAG, not the Stage 0 export.
     pub fn stage1_logical_asap(
         workload: &PlanningWorkload,
         _logical: &LogicalCandidate,
     ) -> Vec<LogicalCandidate> {
-        let inventory =
-            enumerate_local_logical_candidates(lower(workload).into_iter().enumerate().collect())
-                .expect("Pass 1");
-        let mut choices = vec![vec![]];
-        for target in &inventory.targets {
-            choices = choices
-                .into_iter()
-                .flat_map(|prefix: Vec<usize>| {
-                    (0..target.alternatives.len()).map(move |i| {
-                        let mut choice = prefix.clone();
-                        choice.push(i);
-                        choice
-                    })
-                })
-                .collect();
-        }
-        choices
+        let targets: Vec<_> = workload
+            .query_workload
+            .entries()
+            .map(|entry| Some(entry.requirements.accuracy.target()))
+            .collect();
+        let run = plan_stages(
+            lower(workload).into_iter().enumerate().collect(),
+            &targets,
+            workload.data_workload.as_ref().expect("data workload"),
+            PlanningModels::builtin(),
+            MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES,
+        )
+        .expect("plans");
+        let enumeration = run.enumeration.expect("enumerated");
+        assert_eq!(enumeration.candidates.len(), enumeration.combinations);
+        enumeration
+            .candidates
             .into_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(index, choice)| {
-                let roots = compose_logical_candidate(&inventory, &choice)
-                    .expect("composes")
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .map(|(_, root)| root)
-                    .collect();
-                candidate(format!("L{}", index + 1), format!("{choice:?}"), roots)
+            .map(|c| {
+                let physical = c.physical.expect("every Example 1 candidate builds");
+                let label = format!("{:?}{}", c.choice, if c.shared { " shared" } else { "" });
+                let roots = c.logical.expect("composes");
+                candidate(
+                    physical.from_logical,
+                    label,
+                    roots.into_iter().map(|(_, root)| root).collect(),
+                )
             })
             .collect()
     }
@@ -610,23 +612,21 @@ fn stage0_queries_do_not_share_nodes() {
 
 // ── Stage 1 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-/// Stage 1 outputs exactly the 24 Pass 1 combinations, each once, with
-/// separate inputs (no Pass 2 sharing yet).
+/// Stage 1 outputs the 24 Pass 1 combinations twice: L1–L24 with separate
+/// inputs, then L25–L48 with the shared input (Pass 2).
 #[test]
-fn stage1_has_24_candidates_covering_every_combination() {
+fn stage1_has_48_candidates_covering_every_combination_twice() {
     let (_, logical, _) = pipeline();
-    assert_eq!(logical.len(), 24);
-    let found: BTreeSet<_> = logical
-        .iter()
-        .map(|c| choices(&c.dag, &c.query_roots))
-        .collect();
-    assert_eq!(found, expected_choices(), "each combination exactly once");
-    for c in &logical {
-        assert!(
-            !classify(&c.dag, &c.query_roots).1,
-            "{}: shared input",
-            c.id
-        );
+    assert_eq!(logical.len(), 48);
+    for (half, shared) in [(&logical[..24], false), (&logical[24..], true)] {
+        let found: BTreeSet<_> = half
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| choices(&c.dag, &c.query_roots))
+            .collect();
+        assert_eq!(found, expected_choices(), "each combination exactly once");
+        for c in half {
+            assert_eq!(classify(&c.dag, &c.query_roots).1, shared, "{}", c.id);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -668,9 +668,9 @@ fn stage1_q2_summary_families_are_heap_sketches_and_hydra() {
     );
 }
 
-/// Sharing adds a variant and keeps the independent one, for every Q2 option.
+/// Sharing adds a variant and keeps the independent one, for every Q2 option
+/// Pass 1 offers (Hydra: see `stage1_q2_summary_families_are_heap_sketches_and_hydra`).
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "missing features: Pass 2 (identical-expression sharing) is not implemented, so there is no shared-input variant; Pass 1 has no Hydra alternative"]
 fn stage1_keeps_independent_and_shared_variants() {
     let (_, logical, _) = pipeline();
     let found: Vec<_> = logical
@@ -681,7 +681,6 @@ fn stage1_keeps_independent_and_shared_variants() {
         Q2Option::Exact,
         Q2Option::CountMinHeapPerJob,
         Q2Option::CountSketchHeapPerJob,
-        Q2Option::Hydra,
     ] {
         assert!(
             found.contains(&(option, false)),
@@ -725,11 +724,11 @@ fn stage1_candidates_are_valid_and_uniquely_named() {
 
 // ── Stage 2 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
-/// No candidate is discarded before Stage 3: Stage 2 maps the 24 logical candidates one-to-one.
+/// No candidate is discarded before Stage 3: Stage 2 maps the 48 logical candidates one-to-one.
 #[test]
 fn stage2_keeps_every_logical_candidate() {
     let (_, logical, physical) = pipeline();
-    assert_eq!(physical.len(), 24);
+    assert_eq!(physical.len(), 48);
     let sources: BTreeSet<_> = physical.iter().map(|p| p.from_logical.as_str()).collect();
     let logical_ids: BTreeSet<_> = logical.iter().map(|c| c.id.as_str()).collect();
     assert_eq!(sources, logical_ids);
@@ -761,7 +760,7 @@ fn stage2_exact_topk_is_sort_then_limit() {
         .iter()
         .filter(|p| classify(&p.dag, &p.query_roots).0 == Q2Option::Exact)
         .collect();
-    assert_eq!(exact.len(), 8);
+    assert_eq!(exact.len(), 16);
     for p in exact {
         let sort_then_limit = p.dag.edges.iter().any(|e| {
             relational(payload(&p.dag, e.producer)).as_deref() == Some("sort")
@@ -884,7 +883,7 @@ fn stage2_runtime_compiles_exactly_the_candidates_stage3_finds_valid() {
         .filter(|r| !r.valid)
         .map(|r| (r.id.as_str(), r.reason.as_str()))
         .collect();
-    assert_eq!(invalid.len(), 8, "the Count-Min + heap candidates");
+    assert_eq!(invalid.len(), 16, "the Count-Min + heap candidates");
     for p in &physical {
         let compiled = compile_in_runtime(p);
         match invalid.get(p.id.as_str()) {
@@ -1013,9 +1012,9 @@ fn stage3_charges_each_node_once() {
 }
 
 /// Sharing the input never costs more than reading it separately, for the
-/// same local choices. Count-Min + heap is invalid here and has no cost.
+/// same local choices. Count-Min + heap is invalid here and has no cost
+/// (Hydra: see `stage1_q2_summary_families_are_heap_sketches_and_hydra`).
 #[test]
-#[ignore = "missing features: Pass 2 (identical-expression sharing) is not implemented, so there are no shared-input variants to compare; Pass 1 has no Hydra alternative"]
 fn stage3_shared_input_is_not_costlier() {
     let (workload, _, physical) = pipeline();
     let selection = stage3_select(&workload, &physical, PlanningModels::builtin());
@@ -1027,11 +1026,7 @@ fn stage3_shared_input_is_not_costlier() {
             Some(((choices(&p.dag, &p.query_roots), shared), cost))
         })
         .collect();
-    for option in [
-        Q2Option::Exact,
-        Q2Option::CountSketchHeapPerJob,
-        Q2Option::Hydra,
-    ] {
+    for option in [Q2Option::Exact, Q2Option::CountSketchHeapPerJob] {
         assert!(
             by_combo.keys().any(|((_, o, _), _)| *o == option),
             "{option:?} has no priced candidate"
@@ -1048,3 +1043,41 @@ fn stage3_shared_input_is_not_costlier() {
         "no shared variant"
     );
 }
+
+/// The selected plan shares the input, the doc's "Raw with a shared input"
+/// winner; its saving over the same choices read separately is exactly one
+/// scan and one range node, priced once instead of twice.
+#[test]
+fn stage3_selects_a_shared_input_plan() {
+    let (workload, _, physical) = pipeline();
+    let selection = stage3_select(&workload, &physical, PlanningModels::builtin());
+    let selected = physical
+        .iter()
+        .find(|p| p.id == selection.selected)
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(classify(&selected.dag, &selected.query_roots).1);
+    let separate = physical
+        .iter()
+        .find(|p| {
+            !classify(&p.dag, &p.query_roots).1
+                && choices(&p.dag, &p.query_roots) == choices(&selected.dag, &selected.query_roots)
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+    let input_cost: f64 = selected
+        .dag
+        .nodes
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|n| {
+            matches!(
+                relational(&n.payload).as_deref(),
+                Some("scan" | "time_range")
+            )
+        })
+        .map(|n| selection.costs[&selected.id].per_node[&n.id])
+        .sum();
+    let saving = selection.costs[&separate.id].total - selection.costs[&selected.id].total;
+    assert!(
+        (saving - input_cost).abs() < 1e-9,
+        "{saving} vs {input_cost}"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/logical-optimizer/src/lib.rs b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/lib.rs
index 2d6b71201..d5d6f458a 100644
--- a/crates/logical-optimizer/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 //!   ([`accuracy::allocation`]). Candidates no analytical rule can prove
 //!   invalid are kept.
 //!
-//! **Common sub-expression elimination (CSE) of identical sub-DAGs is not this
-//! crate's job.** It runs over the pre-ASAP IR itself
-//! (`asap_types::ir::cse`, issues #222/#223) before search. Pass 2 recognizes
+//! **Common sub-expression elimination (CSE) of identical sub-DAGs is not
+//! implemented here.** It runs over the pre-ASAP IR itself
+//! (`asap_types::ir::cse`, issues #222/#223). Pass 2's identical-expression
+//! rule ([`pass2::identical_expressions`]) decides when to use it: the stage
+//! pipeline keeps a variant with and without it. Pass 2 also recognizes
 //! sharing that is invisible at that level, such as `Quantile(x, 0.99)` and
 //! `Quantile(x, 0.95)` reading one built sketch.
 //!
diff --git a/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/identical_expressions.rs b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/identical_expressions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2baefe7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/identical_expressions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! Pass 2's identical-expression rule (#509): structurally identical sub-DAGs
+//! across queries may be computed once. Sharing changes cost
+//! non-additively (a shared node is priced once), so Stage 1 keeps both the
+//! independent and the shared form, and Stage 3 chooses by cost.
+//!
+//! Each form is a Pass 1 inventory: Pass 1 over the queries as written, and
+//! Pass 1 over the queries with identical sub-DAGs merged by
+//! [`share_common_sub_dags`]. A target that sharing merges is one target in
+//! the shared form, so its queries take the same alternative.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use asap_types::ir::cse::share_common_sub_dags;
+use asap_types::ir::{OperatorNode, QueryRoot};
+
+use crate::pass1::logical_candidates::{
+    enumerate_local_logical_candidates, LocalLogicalCandidates, LogicalCandidateError,
+};
+
+/// One input-sharing form of the workload, with its Pass 1 alternatives.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SharingVariant<Id> {
+    /// Whether identical sub-DAGs across queries are merged.
+    pub shared: bool,
+    pub inventory: LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+}
+
+/// Stage 1 = Pass 1 + Pass 2's identical-expression rule: the independent
+/// variant first, then the shared one when sharing merges at least one node.
+pub fn stage1_logical_candidates<Id: Clone>(
+    roots: Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>,
+) -> Result<Vec<SharingVariant<Id>>, LogicalCandidateError> {
+    let shared = share_identical_expressions(&roots);
+    let mut variants = vec![SharingVariant {
+        shared: false,
+        inventory: enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots)?,
+    }];
+    if let Some(roots) = shared {
+        variants.push(SharingVariant {
+            shared: true,
+            inventory: enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots)?,
+        });
+    }
+    Ok(variants)
+}
+
+/// `roots` with identical operator sub-DAGs merged across queries, or `None`
+/// when that merges nothing. Scalar roots are kept as written.
+pub fn share_identical_expressions<Id: Clone>(
+    roots: &[(Id, QueryRoot)],
+) -> Option<Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>> {
+    let operators: Vec<(usize, Rc<OperatorNode>)> = roots
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter_map(|(i, (_, root))| match root {
+            QueryRoot::Operator(node) => Some((i, node.clone())),
+            QueryRoot::Scalar(_) => None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let before = distinct_nodes(operators.iter().map(|(_, node)| node));
+    let merged = share_common_sub_dags(operators);
+    if distinct_nodes(merged.iter().map(|(_, node)| node)) == before {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let mut out = roots.to_vec();
+    for (i, node) in merged {
+        out[i].1 = QueryRoot::Operator(node);
+    }
+    Some(out)
+}
+
+/// Distinct nodes (by identity) reachable from `roots`.
+pub fn distinct_nodes<'a>(roots: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a Rc<OperatorNode>>) -> usize {
+    roots
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(OperatorNode::reachable)
+        .map(|node| Rc::as_ptr(&node))
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>()
+        .len()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::test_support::lower_promql;
+    use asap_types::types::AccuracyTarget;
+
+    fn roots(queries: &[&str]) -> Vec<(usize, QueryRoot)> {
+        queries
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, q)| {
+                let root = lower_promql(q, AccuracyTarget::Exact);
+                let root =
+                    asap_types::ir::schema_support::with_promql_series_identity(&root).unwrap();
+                (i, QueryRoot::Operator(root))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Two queries over the same range selector get an independent and a
+    /// shared variant, with the same targets in each.
+    #[test]
+    fn identical_input_adds_a_shared_variant() {
+        let variants = stage1_logical_candidates(roots(&[
+            "sum by (job) (rate(m[1m]))",
+            "topk by (job) (10, sum_over_time(m[1m]))",
+        ]))
+        .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            variants.iter().map(|v| v.shared).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            [false, true]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            variants[0].inventory.targets.len(),
+            variants[1].inventory.targets.len()
+        );
+        let operators = |v: &SharingVariant<usize>| -> Vec<Rc<OperatorNode>> {
+            v.inventory
+                .roots
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, r)| match r {
+                    QueryRoot::Operator(n) => n.clone(),
+                    QueryRoot::Scalar(_) => unreachable!(),
+                })
+                .collect()
+        };
+        assert!(
+            distinct_nodes(&operators(&variants[1])) < distinct_nodes(&operators(&variants[0]))
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Queries with nothing in common have no shared variant.
+    #[test]
+    fn nothing_identical_adds_no_variant() {
+        let variants =
+            stage1_logical_candidates(roots(&["sum(rate(a[1m]))", "sum(rate(b[1m]))"])).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(variants.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!variants[0].shared);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/mod.rs b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/mod.rs
index f25038e84..520b774c0 100644
--- a/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/logical-optimizer/src/pass2/mod.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! Pass 2: ASAP-aware sharing across targets. A shared summary must meet the
-//! strictest accuracy requirement of its readers.
+//! strictest accuracy requirement of its readers. The stage pipeline applies
+//! the identical-expression rule ([`identical_expressions`]).
 
+pub mod identical_expressions;
 pub mod reconciliation;
 pub mod topk_reuse;
diff --git a/crates/plan-selection/src/lib.rs b/crates/plan-selection/src/lib.rs
index cd53d8d76..3de6bb627 100644
--- a/crates/plan-selection/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/plan-selection/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@
 //! rows read out. These numbers are illustrative, not calibrated. Latency
 //! bounds and deployment capabilities are not checked yet.
 //!
-//! [`select_plan`] chooses over a whole Stage 1 inventory without building
-//! every combination: a dynamic program over target nesting (see there).
-//! [`select_exhaustive`] builds and prices every combination, for display and
-//! for checking the program.
+//! [`select_plan`] chooses over Stage 1's sharing variants without building
+//! every combination: per variant, a dynamic program over target nesting (see
+//! there). [`select_exhaustive`] builds and prices every combination, for
+//! display and for checking the program. [`plan_stages`] runs the whole
+//! pipeline from the frontends' roots.
 pub mod candidate_selection;
 pub mod cost;
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -49,7 +50,6 @@ use asap_types::ir::NonASAPOp;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
-use asap_types::ir::cse::share_common_sub_dags;
 use asap_types::ir::operator::Reduction;
 use asap_types::ir::physical_export::{
     PhysicalASAPDAG, PhysicalASAPNodeId, PhysicalASAPOperatorPayload as Payload,
@@ -74,7 +74,11 @@ use asap_logical_optimizer::accuracy::{
 };
 use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::{
     choice_index, combination_count, compose_logical_candidate, enumerate_choices, nested_targets,
-    LocalLogicalCandidates,
+    LocalLogicalCandidates, LogicalCandidateError,
+};
+pub use asap_logical_optimizer::pass2::identical_expressions::SharingVariant;
+use asap_logical_optimizer::pass2::identical_expressions::{
+    share_identical_expressions, stage1_logical_candidates,
 };
 use asap_physical_optimizer::implementation::physical_candidates::{
     stage2_physical, PhysicalCandidate,
@@ -212,6 +216,8 @@ impl Selection {
 pub enum SelectionError {
     #[error("no valid candidate: {0:?}")]
     NoValidCandidate(Vec<Rejection>),
+    #[error("Stage 1: {0}")]
+    Stage1(#[from] LogicalCandidateError),
 }
 
 /// Reject candidates that miss a query's accuracy target or cannot be priced,
@@ -284,37 +290,96 @@ fn assess(
     price(&candidate.dag, data).map_err(|(node, error)| format!("node {node:?}: {error}"))
 }
 
-/// Stage 1 → Stage 2 for `choice`, named `P<index+1>` from `L<index+1>`.
-/// `Err` is the reason the candidate cannot be built.
+/// One Stage 1 sharing variant as selection sees it: candidates of variant
+/// `v` are numbered after every candidate of the variants before it, so ids
+/// stay unique across variants.
+struct Variant<'a, Id> {
+    inventory: &'a LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    /// Identical sub-DAGs are merged, after composition too.
+    shared: bool,
+    /// Candidates numbered before this variant's.
+    offset: usize,
+}
+
+// Manual impls: a derive would require `Id: Copy`.
+impl<Id> Clone for Variant<'_, Id> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+impl<Id> Copy for Variant<'_, Id> {}
+
+fn variants<Id>(stage1: &[SharingVariant<Id>]) -> Vec<Variant<'_, Id>> {
+    let mut offset = 0;
+    stage1
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| {
+            let variant = Variant {
+                inventory: &v.inventory,
+                shared: v.shared,
+                offset,
+            };
+            offset = offset.saturating_add(combination_count(&v.inventory));
+            variant
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+impl<Id> Variant<'_, Id> {
+    /// 1-based candidate number of `choice`: `L<n>` and `P<n>`.
+    fn number(&self, choice: &[usize]) -> usize {
+        self.offset + choice_index(self.inventory, choice) + 1
+    }
+}
+
+/// The independent variant alone: Pass 1 without Pass 2.
+pub fn independent<Id>(inventory: LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>) -> Vec<SharingVariant<Id>> {
+    vec![SharingVariant {
+        shared: false,
+        inventory,
+    }]
+}
+
+/// Stage 1 → Stage 2 for `choice` in the independent variant, named
+/// `P<index+1>` from `L<index+1>`. `Err` is the reason the candidate cannot
+/// be built.
 pub fn realize_choice<Id: Clone>(
     inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
     choice: &[usize],
 ) -> Result<(Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>, PhysicalCandidate), String> {
-    realize(inventory, choice, false)
+    realize(
+        Variant {
+            inventory,
+            shared: false,
+            offset: 0,
+        },
+        choice,
+    )
 }
 
-/// As [`realize_choice`]; `merge` first interns structurally identical
-/// sub-DAGs across roots, so queries that chose the same summary producer
-/// reach one node.
+/// Stage 1 → Stage 2 for `choice` in `variant`. A shared variant also
+/// merges identical sub-DAGs after composition, so queries that chose the
+/// same summary producer reach one node; the returned Stage 1 candidate is
+/// the merged one.
 fn realize<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    variant: Variant<'_, Id>,
     choice: &[usize],
-    merge: bool,
 ) -> Result<(Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>, PhysicalCandidate), String> {
-    let index = choice_index(inventory, choice) + 1;
-    let logical =
-        compose_logical_candidate(inventory, choice).map_err(|e| format!("Stage 1: {e}"))?;
-    let mut operators = logical
+    let index = variant.number(choice);
+    let mut logical = compose_logical_candidate(variant.inventory, choice)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Stage 1: {e}"))?;
+    if variant.shared {
+        if let Some(merged) = share_identical_expressions(&logical) {
+            logical = merged;
+        }
+    }
+    let roots = logical
         .iter()
-        .map(|(id, root)| match root {
-            QueryRoot::Operator(node) => Ok((id.clone(), node.clone())),
+        .map(|(_, root)| match root {
+            QueryRoot::Operator(node) => Ok(node.clone()),
             QueryRoot::Scalar(_) => Err("Stage 2: scalar query roots are not physical yet"),
         })
         .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
-    if merge {
-        operators = share_common_sub_dags(operators);
-    }
-    let roots: Vec<Rc<OperatorNode>> = operators.into_iter().map(|(_, node)| node).collect();
     let mut candidate =
         stage2_physical(&format!("L{index}"), &roots).map_err(|e| format!("Stage 2: {e}"))?;
     candidate.id = format!("P{index}");
@@ -325,6 +390,8 @@ fn realize<Id: Clone>(
 /// One built combination; `physical` is `None` when it could not be built.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct EnumeratedCandidate<Id> {
+    /// From the shared variant (Pass 2's identical-expression rule).
+    pub shared: bool,
     pub choice: Vec<usize>,
     pub logical: Option<Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>>,
     pub physical: Option<PhysicalCandidate>,
@@ -333,15 +400,27 @@ pub struct EnumeratedCandidate<Id> {
 /// Every combination [`select_exhaustive`] built, and Stage 3 over them.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Enumeration<Id> {
+    /// Over every variant.
     pub combinations: usize,
     pub candidates: Vec<EnumeratedCandidate<Id>>,
     pub selection: Selection,
 }
 
-/// Build the first `max` combinations in enumeration order and select over
-/// them. One that cannot be built is rejected with its reason.
+/// Build the first `max` combinations, variant by variant in enumeration
+/// order, and select over them. One that cannot be built is rejected with
+/// its reason.
 pub fn select_exhaustive<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    stage1: &[SharingVariant<Id>],
+    targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
+    data: &DataWorkload,
+    models: PlanningModels<'_>,
+    max: usize,
+) -> Result<Enumeration<Id>, SelectionError> {
+    exhaustive(&variants(stage1), targets, data, models, max)
+}
+
+fn exhaustive<Id: Clone>(
+    variants: &[Variant<'_, Id>],
     targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
     data: &DataWorkload,
     models: PlanningModels<'_>,
@@ -349,25 +428,31 @@ pub fn select_exhaustive<Id: Clone>(
 ) -> Result<Enumeration<Id>, SelectionError> {
     let mut candidates = Vec::new();
     let mut failed = Vec::new();
-    for choice in enumerate_choices(inventory, max) {
-        let (logical, physical) = match realize_choice(inventory, &choice) {
-            Ok((logical, physical)) => (Some(logical), Some(physical)),
-            Err(reason) => {
-                let index = choice_index(inventory, &choice) + 1;
-                failed.push(Rejection {
-                    id: format!("P{index}"),
-                    valid: false,
-                    reason,
-                });
-                // Composition may have succeeded: keep it for display.
-                (compose_logical_candidate(inventory, &choice).ok(), None)
-            }
-        };
-        candidates.push(EnumeratedCandidate {
-            choice,
-            logical,
-            physical,
-        });
+    for variant in variants {
+        let left = max.saturating_sub(candidates.len());
+        for choice in enumerate_choices(variant.inventory, left) {
+            let (logical, physical) = match realize(*variant, &choice) {
+                Ok((logical, physical)) => (Some(logical), Some(physical)),
+                Err(reason) => {
+                    failed.push(Rejection {
+                        id: format!("P{}", variant.number(&choice)),
+                        valid: false,
+                        reason,
+                    });
+                    // Composition may have succeeded: keep it for display.
+                    (
+                        compose_logical_candidate(variant.inventory, &choice).ok(),
+                        None,
+                    )
+                }
+            };
+            candidates.push(EnumeratedCandidate {
+                shared: variant.shared,
+                choice,
+                logical,
+                physical,
+            });
+        }
     }
     let physical: Vec<_> = candidates
         .iter()
@@ -382,9 +467,12 @@ pub fn select_exhaustive<Id: Clone>(
             rejected.extend(failed);
             return Err(SelectionError::NoValidCandidate(rejected));
         }
+        Err(other) => return Err(other),
     };
     Ok(Enumeration {
-        combinations: combination_count(inventory),
+        combinations: variants.iter().fold(0usize, |n, v| {
+            n.saturating_add(combination_count(v.inventory))
+        }),
         candidates,
         selection,
     })
@@ -393,11 +481,12 @@ pub fn select_exhaustive<Id: Clone>(
 /// The plan [`select_plan`] chose.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct SelectedPlan<Id> {
+    /// From the shared variant (Pass 2's identical-expression rule).
+    pub shared: bool,
     pub choice: Vec<usize>,
-    /// The chosen Stage 1 candidate, before identical producers are merged.
+    /// The chosen Stage 1 candidate (identical sub-DAGs merged when `shared`).
     pub logical: Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>,
-    /// Stage 2 of `logical` after merging identical sub-DAGs across roots;
-    /// `roots` follow `logical`'s order.
+    /// Stage 2 of `logical`; `roots` follow `logical`'s order.
     pub physical: PhysicalCandidate,
     pub selection: Selection,
 }
@@ -405,8 +494,80 @@ pub struct SelectedPlan<Id> {
 /// Relative tolerance when checking that costs add up.
 const ADDITIVITY_TOLERANCE: f64 = 1e-9;
 
-/// Choose one alternative per target by a dynamic program over target
-/// nesting, then build the winner and check it in full.
+/// Choose a sharing variant and one alternative per target. Sharing prices a
+/// shared node once, which is not a sum of per-target changes, so the
+/// variant is an outer choice: the dynamic program of [`select_variant`]
+/// runs once per variant and the cheapest result wins (the first on ties).
+pub fn select_plan<Id: Clone>(
+    stage1: &[SharingVariant<Id>],
+    targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
+    data: &DataWorkload,
+    models: PlanningModels<'_>,
+) -> Result<SelectedPlan<Id>, SelectionError> {
+    let mut best: Option<SelectedPlan<Id>> = None;
+    let mut costs = BTreeMap::new();
+    let mut rejected = Vec::new();
+    let mut not_optimal = None;
+    let mut failures = Vec::new();
+    for variant in variants(stage1) {
+        let evaluate = |choice: &[usize]| -> Result<f64, String> {
+            let (_, candidate) = realize(variant, choice)?;
+            assess(&candidate, targets, data, &models).map(|cost| cost.total)
+        };
+        let plan = match select_variant(variant, targets, data, models, &evaluate) {
+            Ok(plan) => plan,
+            Err(SelectionError::NoValidCandidate(reasons)) => {
+                failures.extend(reasons);
+                continue;
+            }
+            Err(other) => return Err(other),
+        };
+        if let SelectionMethod::TreeDpNotGuaranteedOptimal { reason } = &plan.selection.method {
+            not_optimal.get_or_insert_with(|| reason.clone());
+        }
+        costs.extend(plan.selection.costs.clone());
+        rejected.extend(plan.selection.rejected.clone());
+        let total = |p: &SelectedPlan<Id>| p.selection.costs[&p.selection.selected].total;
+        match &best {
+            Some(current) if total(current) <= total(&plan) => rejected.push(costlier(
+                &plan.selection.selected,
+                total(&plan),
+                total(current),
+            )),
+            _ => {
+                if let Some(previous) = best.take() {
+                    rejected.push(costlier(
+                        &previous.selection.selected,
+                        total(&previous),
+                        total(&plan),
+                    ));
+                }
+                best = Some(plan);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let Some(mut plan) = best else {
+        return Err(SelectionError::NoValidCandidate(failures));
+    };
+    rejected.extend(failures);
+    plan.selection.costs = costs;
+    plan.selection.rejected = rejected;
+    if let Some(reason) = not_optimal {
+        plan.selection.method = SelectionMethod::TreeDpNotGuaranteedOptimal { reason };
+    }
+    Ok(plan)
+}
+
+fn costlier(id: &str, total: f64, best: f64) -> Rejection {
+    Rejection {
+        id: id.to_string(),
+        valid: true,
+        reason: format!("costlier: {total:.3} vs {best:.3} {COST_UNIT}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Choose one alternative per target of one variant by a dynamic program
+/// over target nesting, then build the winner and check it in full.
 ///
 /// `best(t, c) = local(t, c) + Σ_{u beneath t, read by c} min_c' best(u, c')`,
 /// where `local(t, c)` is the change in workload cost when only `t` takes
@@ -420,33 +581,23 @@ const ADDITIVITY_TOLERANCE: f64 = 1e-9;
 /// not depend on choices. Stage 3 prices per node and sizes every
 /// realization of a target alike, so these hold unless a target's choice
 /// changes what a target reading its output costs or whether it can be
-/// built. That coupling is checked: every pair of choices for a target and a
-/// target beneath it is built, and must cost the sum of their single
-/// changes and be admissible exactly when both are. On coupling, or when the
-/// winner fails the full check, every combination is built instead if there
-/// are at most [`MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES`]; otherwise the result is
-/// flagged as not guaranteed optimal.
-pub fn select_plan<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
-    targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
-    data: &DataWorkload,
-    models: PlanningModels<'_>,
-) -> Result<SelectedPlan<Id>, SelectionError> {
-    let evaluate = |choice: &[usize]| -> Result<f64, String> {
-        let (_, candidate) = realize_choice(inventory, choice)?;
-        assess(&candidate, targets, data, &models).map(|cost| cost.total)
-    };
-    select_plan_with(inventory, targets, data, models, &evaluate)
-}
-
-/// [`select_plan`] with the workload cost of a choice given by `evaluate`.
-fn select_plan_with<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+/// built, or, in a shared variant, two targets reading one input build
+/// identical producers that are then merged. That coupling is checked:
+/// every pair of choices for a target and a target beneath it (and, when
+/// shared, for two targets reading a common input) is built, and must cost
+/// the sum of their single changes and be admissible exactly when both are.
+/// On coupling, or when the winner fails the full check, every combination
+/// of the variant is built instead if there are at most
+/// [`MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES`]; otherwise the result is flagged as not
+/// guaranteed optimal.
+fn select_variant<Id: Clone>(
+    variant: Variant<'_, Id>,
     targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
     data: &DataWorkload,
     models: PlanningModels<'_>,
     evaluate: &dyn Fn(&[usize]) -> Result<f64, String>,
 ) -> Result<SelectedPlan<Id>, SelectionError> {
+    let inventory = variant.inventory;
     let width = inventory.targets.len();
     let with = |changes: &[(usize, usize)]| {
         let mut choice = vec![0; width];
@@ -459,7 +610,7 @@ fn select_plan_with<Id: Clone>(
     let base = match evaluate(&with(&[])) {
         Ok(base) => base,
         Err(reason) => {
-            return fallback(inventory, targets, data, models, with(&[]), reason);
+            return fallback(variant, targets, data, models, with(&[]), reason);
         }
     };
     let local: Vec<Vec<Result<f64, String>>> = inventory
@@ -476,28 +627,34 @@ fn select_plan_with<Id: Clone>(
         })
         .collect();
     let beneath = nested_targets(inventory);
+    let mut pairs: Vec<(usize, usize)> = beneath
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .flat_map(|(t, inner)| inner.iter().map(move |&u| (t, u)))
+        .collect();
+    if variant.shared {
+        pairs.extend(common_input_pairs(inventory, &beneath));
+    }
     let mut coupling = None;
-    'pairs: for (t, inner) in beneath.iter().enumerate() {
-        for &u in inner {
-            for c in 1..local[t].len() {
-                for d in 1..local[u].len() {
-                    let joint = evaluate(&with(&[(t, c), (u, d)]));
-                    let coupled = match (&local[t][c], &local[u][d], &joint) {
-                        (Ok(a), Ok(b), Ok(joint)) => {
-                            let expected = base + a + b;
-                            (joint - expected).abs()
-                                > ADDITIVITY_TOLERANCE * joint.abs().max(expected.abs()).max(1.0)
-                        }
-                        (Ok(_), Ok(_), Err(_)) | (Err(_), _, Ok(_)) | (_, Err(_), Ok(_)) => true,
-                        _ => false,
-                    };
-                    if coupled {
-                        coupling = Some(format!(
-                            "target {t} alternative {c} and target {u} alternative {d} do not \
-                             combine additively"
-                        ));
-                        break 'pairs;
+    'pairs: for &(t, u) in &pairs {
+        for c in 1..local[t].len() {
+            for d in 1..local[u].len() {
+                let joint = evaluate(&with(&[(t, c), (u, d)]));
+                let coupled = match (&local[t][c], &local[u][d], &joint) {
+                    (Ok(a), Ok(b), Ok(joint)) => {
+                        let expected = base + a + b;
+                        (joint - expected).abs()
+                            > ADDITIVITY_TOLERANCE * joint.abs().max(expected.abs()).max(1.0)
                     }
+                    (Ok(_), Ok(_), Err(_)) | (Err(_), _, Ok(_)) | (_, Err(_), Ok(_)) => true,
+                    _ => false,
+                };
+                if coupled {
+                    coupling = Some(format!(
+                        "target {t} alternative {c} and target {u} alternative {d} do not \
+                         combine additively"
+                    ));
+                    break 'pairs;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -508,10 +665,10 @@ fn select_plan_with<Id: Clone>(
     }
     let choice: Vec<usize> = best.iter().map(|b| b.map_or(0, |(_, c)| c)).collect();
     if let Some(reason) = coupling {
-        return fallback(inventory, targets, data, models, choice, reason);
+        return fallback(variant, targets, data, models, choice, reason);
     }
     match finish(
-        inventory,
+        variant,
         targets,
         data,
         &models,
@@ -519,8 +676,31 @@ fn select_plan_with<Id: Clone>(
         SelectionMethod::TreeDp,
     ) {
         Ok(plan) => Ok(plan),
-        Err(reason) => fallback(inventory, targets, data, models, choice, reason),
+        Err(reason) => fallback(variant, targets, data, models, choice, reason),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Pairs of targets, neither beneath the other, that read a common input
+/// node: in a shared variant their producers may be merged.
+fn common_input_pairs<Id>(
+    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    beneath: &[Vec<usize>],
+) -> Vec<(usize, usize)> {
+    let inputs: Vec<Vec<*const OperatorNode>> = inventory
+        .targets
+        .iter()
+        .map(|t| t.target.children().into_iter().map(Rc::as_ptr).collect())
+        .collect();
+    let mut pairs = Vec::new();
+    for t in 0..inputs.len() {
+        for u in t + 1..inputs.len() {
+            let nested = beneath[t].contains(&u) || beneath[u].contains(&t);
+            if !nested && inputs[t].iter().any(|p| inputs[u].contains(p)) {
+                pairs.push((t, u));
+            }
+        }
     }
+    pairs
 }
 
 /// `best(t) = min_c local(t, c) + Σ_{u beneath t} best(u)`, memoized; the
@@ -551,18 +731,19 @@ fn best_choice(
     cost
 }
 
-/// Build `choice` with identical producers merged and run Stage 3 on it.
+/// Build `choice` in `variant` and run Stage 3 on it.
 fn finish<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    variant: Variant<'_, Id>,
     targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
     data: &DataWorkload,
     models: &PlanningModels<'_>,
     choice: Vec<usize>,
     method: SelectionMethod,
 ) -> Result<SelectedPlan<Id>, String> {
-    let (logical, physical) = realize(inventory, &choice, true)?;
+    let (logical, physical) = realize(variant, &choice)?;
     let cost = assess(&physical, targets, data, models)?;
     Ok(SelectedPlan {
+        shared: variant.shared,
         choice,
         logical,
         selection: Selection {
@@ -576,18 +757,18 @@ fn finish<Id: Clone>(
 }
 
 /// Selection when the dynamic program's result cannot be trusted: every
-/// combination if there are few, else `choice` flagged with `reason`.
+/// combination of the variant if there are few, else `choice` flagged with
+/// `reason`.
 fn fallback<Id: Clone>(
-    inventory: &LocalLogicalCandidates<Id>,
+    variant: Variant<'_, Id>,
     targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
     data: &DataWorkload,
     models: PlanningModels<'_>,
     choice: Vec<usize>,
     reason: String,
 ) -> Result<SelectedPlan<Id>, SelectionError> {
-    if combination_count(inventory) <= MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES {
-        let enumeration =
-            select_exhaustive(inventory, targets, data, models, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES)?;
+    if combination_count(variant.inventory) <= MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES {
+        let enumeration = exhaustive(&[variant], targets, data, models, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES)?;
         let winner = enumeration
             .candidates
             .iter()
@@ -598,7 +779,7 @@ fn fallback<Id: Clone>(
             })
             .expect("the selected candidate was built");
         let mut plan = finish(
-            inventory,
+            variant,
             targets,
             data,
             &models,
@@ -622,15 +803,50 @@ fn fallback<Id: Clone>(
     let method = SelectionMethod::TreeDpNotGuaranteedOptimal {
         reason: reason.clone(),
     };
-    finish(inventory, targets, data, &models, choice.clone(), method).map_err(|failure| {
+    finish(variant, targets, data, &models, choice.clone(), method).map_err(|failure| {
         SelectionError::NoValidCandidate(vec![Rejection {
-            id: format!("P{}", choice_index(inventory, &choice) + 1),
+            id: format!("P{}", variant.number(&choice)),
             valid: false,
             reason: format!("{reason}; {failure}"),
         }])
     })
 }
 
+/// What [`plan_stages`] produced.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StagePipelineRun<Id> {
+    /// Stage 1: Pass 1's alternatives per sharing variant (Pass 2).
+    pub stage1: Vec<SharingVariant<Id>>,
+    /// Stages 2 and 3 for the selected candidate ([`select_plan`]).
+    pub plan: SelectedPlan<Id>,
+    /// Every candidate built and priced, when requested for display.
+    pub enumeration: Option<Enumeration<Id>>,
+}
+
+/// The #509 stage pipeline over `roots`: Stage 1 (Pass 1 and Pass 2's
+/// identical-expression rule), Stage 2 and Stage 3. The facade and the
+/// `stage_pipeline` devtool both run this. `display` builds and prices up to
+/// that many candidates for display as well (0: none).
+pub fn plan_stages<Id: Clone>(
+    roots: Vec<(Id, QueryRoot)>,
+    targets: &[Option<AccuracyTarget>],
+    data: &DataWorkload,
+    models: PlanningModels<'_>,
+    display: usize,
+) -> Result<StagePipelineRun<Id>, SelectionError> {
+    let stage1 = stage1_logical_candidates(roots)?;
+    let plan = select_plan(&stage1, targets, data, models)?;
+    let enumeration = match display {
+        0 => None,
+        max => Some(select_exhaustive(&stage1, targets, data, models, max)?),
+    };
+    Ok(StagePipelineRun {
+        stage1,
+        plan,
+        enumeration,
+    })
+}
+
 /// The first summary estimate that misses its query's target, as a reason.
 fn accuracy_violation(
     candidate: &PhysicalCandidate,
@@ -1216,8 +1432,12 @@ mod tests {
         let targets = no_targets(&inventory);
         let data = data();
         let evaluate = coupled(&inventory, &targets, &data, nested_pair(&inventory));
-        let plan = select_plan_with(
-            &inventory,
+        let plan = select_variant(
+            Variant {
+                inventory: &inventory,
+                shared: false,
+                offset: 0,
+            },
             &targets,
             &data,
             PlanningModels::builtin(),
@@ -1226,7 +1446,7 @@ mod tests {
         .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(plan.selection.method, SelectionMethod::Exhaustive);
         let exhaustive = select_exhaustive(
-            &inventory,
+            &independent(inventory.clone()),
             &targets,
             &data,
             PlanningModels::builtin(),
@@ -1248,8 +1468,12 @@ mod tests {
         let targets = no_targets(&inventory);
         let data = data();
         let evaluate = coupled(&inventory, &targets, &data, nested_pair(&inventory));
-        let plan = select_plan_with(
-            &inventory,
+        let plan = select_variant(
+            Variant {
+                inventory: &inventory,
+                shared: false,
+                offset: 0,
+            },
             &targets,
             &data,
             PlanningModels::builtin(),
@@ -1273,10 +1497,16 @@ mod tests {
     fn uncoupled_selection_uses_the_dynamic_program() {
         let inventory = inventory(&["count(topk by (job) (10, sum_over_time(m[1m])))"]);
         let targets = no_targets(&inventory);
-        let plan = select_plan(&inventory, &targets, &data(), PlanningModels::builtin()).unwrap();
+        let plan = select_plan(
+            &independent(inventory.clone()),
+            &targets,
+            &data(),
+            PlanningModels::builtin(),
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(plan.selection.method, SelectionMethod::TreeDp);
         let exhaustive = select_exhaustive(
-            &inventory,
+            &independent(inventory.clone()),
             &targets,
             &data(),
             PlanningModels::builtin(),
@@ -1286,8 +1516,8 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(plan.selection.selected, exhaustive.selection.selected);
     }
 
-    /// Two queries that chose structurally identical summary producers reach
-    /// one state in the selected plan.
+    /// In a shared variant, two queries that chose structurally identical
+    /// summary producers reach one state.
     #[test]
     fn identical_producers_are_merged_after_composition() {
         let inventory = inventory(&[
@@ -1302,7 +1532,11 @@ mod tests {
         };
         let choice: Vec<_> = inventory.targets.iter().map(kll).collect();
         let plan = finish(
-            &inventory,
+            Variant {
+                inventory: &inventory,
+                shared: true,
+                offset: 0,
+            },
             &no_targets(&inventory),
             &data(),
             &PlanningModels::builtin(),
diff --git a/crates/planner/src/pass/stage_pipeline.rs b/crates/planner/src/pass/stage_pipeline.rs
index 2ff56a9a2..f0f6d2b43 100644
--- a/crates/planner/src/pass/stage_pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/planner/src/pass/stage_pipeline.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
 //! [`StagePipeline`] — the #509 planner stages behind the
 //! [`OptimizationPass`](super::OptimizationPass) trait.
 //!
-//! Stage 1 lists each target's local alternatives, Stage 2 implements a
-//! candidate physically (everything at query time), and Stage 3 checks
-//! accuracy and prices it; [`select_plan`] chooses among the combinations.
-//! Cross-query sharing beyond identical sub-DAGs (Pass 2) is not planned yet.
+//! [`plan_stages`] runs them: Stage 1 lists each target's local alternatives
+//! (Pass 1) with and without identical sub-DAGs shared across queries (Pass
+//! 2's identical-expression rule), Stage 2 implements a candidate physically
+//! (everything at query time), and Stage 3 checks accuracy, prices it and
+//! chooses. Pass 2's other rules are not planned yet.
 
-use std::rc::Rc;
-
-use asap_types::ir::cse::share_common_sub_dags;
 use asap_types::ir::schema_support::with_promql_series_identity;
-use asap_types::ir::{OperatorNode, QueryRoot};
+use asap_types::ir::QueryRoot;
 use asap_types::workload::QueryLanguage;
 
 use super::{OptimizationInput, OptimizationPass, OptimizeError, PlanOutput, QueryPlan};
-use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::enumerate_local_logical_candidates;
-use asap_plan_selection::select_plan;
+use asap_plan_selection::plan_stages;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct StagePipeline;
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ impl OptimizationPass for StagePipeline {
         // PromQL rows carry each series' full identity as a column: the row
         // representation per-series state needs at runtime. A query with no
         // such representation is planned over its labels alone.
-        let roots: Vec<(usize, Rc<OperatorNode>)> = workload
+        let roots: Vec<(usize, QueryRoot)> = workload
             .operator_indices()
             .iter()
             .copied()
@@ -46,22 +43,15 @@ impl OptimizationPass for StagePipeline {
                     true => with_promql_series_identity(root).unwrap_or_else(|_| root.clone()),
                     false => root.clone(),
                 };
-                (index, root)
+                (index, QueryRoot::Operator(root))
             })
             .collect();
-        let roots = share_common_sub_dags(roots);
         let targets: Vec<_> = workload
             .entries()
             .map(|(entry, _)| Some(entry.requirements.accuracy.target()))
             .collect();
-        let inventory = enumerate_local_logical_candidates(
-            roots
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|(index, root)| (index, QueryRoot::Operator(root)))
-                .collect(),
-        )?;
         let data = workload.data_workload().cloned().unwrap_or_default();
-        let plan = select_plan(&inventory, &targets, &data, input.models)?;
+        let plan = plan_stages(roots, &targets, &data, input.models, 0)?.plan;
 
         output.plans = plan
             .logical
diff --git a/crates/planner/tests/e2e_plan.rs b/crates/planner/tests/e2e_plan.rs
index 2a31ac100..ea2eb615c 100644
--- a/crates/planner/tests/e2e_plan.rs
+++ b/crates/planner/tests/e2e_plan.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
 use asap_frontend_sql::{lower_sql_dialect, SqlCatalog};
-use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::enumerate_local_logical_candidates;
+use asap_logical_optimizer::pass2::identical_expressions::stage1_logical_candidates;
 use asap_plan_selection::{select_exhaustive, PlanningModels, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES};
 use asap_planner::pass::{OptimizationInput, OptimizationPass, OptimizeError, PlanOutput};
 use asap_planner::{e2e_plan, FrontendInput, PlanError, UserInput, UserInputError};
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ async fn facade_plans_match_exhaustive_stage_pipeline_selection() {
         roots.push((index, QueryRoot::Operator(expr)));
         targets.push(Some(accuracy));
     }
-    let inventory = enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1");
+    let inventory = stage1_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1");
     let data = workload.data_workload.clone().unwrap_or_default();
     let enumeration = select_exhaustive(
         &inventory,
diff --git a/crates/planner/tests/stage_pipeline_selection.rs b/crates/planner/tests/stage_pipeline_selection.rs
index 6f49e13b5..7eae38365 100644
--- a/crates/planner/tests/stage_pipeline_selection.rs
+++ b/crates/planner/tests/stage_pipeline_selection.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 //! The stage pipeline's dynamic program selects the exhaustive minimum
-//! (#572): on #509 Example 1 and on small nested, top-k and SQL workloads,
-//! the combination it picks is the one that building and pricing every
-//! combination picks.
+//! (#572): on #509 Example 1 and on small nested, top-k, shared-input and SQL
+//! workloads, the sharing variant and combination it picks are the ones that
+//! building and pricing every combination of every variant picks.
 
 use asap_frontend_sql::{lower_sql_dialect, SqlCatalog};
-use asap_logical_optimizer::pass1::logical_candidates::{
-    enumerate_local_logical_candidates, LocalLogicalCandidates,
+use asap_logical_optimizer::pass2::identical_expressions::{
+    stage1_logical_candidates, SharingVariant,
 };
 use asap_plan_selection::PlanningModels;
 use asap_plan_selection::{
     select_exhaustive, select_plan, SelectionMethod, MAX_ENUMERATED_CANDIDATES,
 };
 use asap_planner::{e2e_plan, FrontendInput, UserInput};
-use asap_types::ir::cse::share_common_sub_dags;
 use asap_types::ir::schema::{DataType, Field, Schema};
 use asap_types::ir::schema_support::with_promql_series_identity;
 use asap_types::ir::QueryRoot;
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ use asap_types::workload::{
     RepeatingEntry, RepetitionInterval, SqlDialect, TimeSelection,
 };
 
-type Inventory = LocalLogicalCandidates<usize>;
+type Inventory = Vec<SharingVariant<usize>>;
 
 fn declared<T>(value: T) -> Evidence<T> {
     Evidence {
@@ -115,23 +114,22 @@ fn promql(queries: &[&str], series: u64) -> PlanningWorkload {
     }
 }
 
-/// Stage 1's inventory as the stage pipeline builds it: series identity,
-/// then identical sub-DAGs merged.
+/// Stage 1 as the stage pipeline builds it: series identity, then Pass 1
+/// with and without identical sub-DAGs merged.
 fn promql_inventory(workload: &PlanningWorkload) -> Inventory {
     let roots = asap_frontend_promql::lower_promql_query_workload(workload, 0)
         .expect("lowers")
         .into_iter()
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(index, root)| match root {
-            QueryRoot::Operator(node) => (index, with_promql_series_identity(&node).unwrap()),
+            QueryRoot::Operator(node) => (
+                index,
+                QueryRoot::Operator(with_promql_series_identity(&node).unwrap()),
+            ),
             QueryRoot::Scalar(_) => panic!("operator roots"),
         })
         .collect();
-    let roots = share_common_sub_dags(roots)
-        .into_iter()
-        .map(|(index, node)| (index, QueryRoot::Operator(node)))
-        .collect();
-    enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1")
+    stage1_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1")
 }
 
 fn targets(workload: &PlanningWorkload) -> Vec<Option<AccuracyTarget>> {
@@ -174,17 +172,38 @@ fn assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(
 
     let plan = select_plan(inventory, &targets, &data, models).expect("selects");
     assert_eq!(plan.selection.method, SelectionMethod::TreeDp);
-    assert_eq!(plan.choice, winner.choice);
+    assert_eq!((plan.shared, &plan.choice), (winner.shared, &winner.choice));
     assert_eq!(plan.selection.selected, exhaustive.selection.selected);
     exhaustive.selection.selected
 }
 
-/// #509 Example 1: the dynamic program picks the cheapest of its 24 combinations.
+/// #509 Example 1: the dynamic program picks the cheapest of its 48
+/// combinations (24 per sharing variant): P44, P20's choices with the range
+/// selector shared.
 #[test]
 fn example1_dp_equals_exhaustive() {
     let workload = example1();
-    let selected = assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&promql_inventory(&workload), &workload, 24);
-    assert_eq!(selected, "P20");
+    let selected = assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&promql_inventory(&workload), &workload, 48);
+    assert_eq!(selected, "P44");
+}
+
+/// When sharing merges a whole target (`rate(x[1m])` read by both queries),
+/// the shared variant has one target for it, and the dynamic program still
+/// selects the exhaustive minimum over both variants (16 + 8 combinations).
+#[test]
+fn shared_target_dp_equals_exhaustive() {
+    let workload = promql(
+        &["sum by (job) (rate(x[1m]))", "max by (job) (rate(x[1m]))"],
+        1_000,
+    );
+    let stage1 = promql_inventory(&workload);
+    let targets: Vec<_> = stage1.iter().map(|v| v.inventory.targets.len()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(targets, [4, 3]);
+    let selected = assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&stage1, &workload, 24);
+    assert!(
+        selected.trim_start_matches('P').parse::<usize>().unwrap() > 16,
+        "a shared candidate wins: {selected}"
+    );
 }
 
 /// Nested targets (`sum` over `rate`) select the exhaustive minimum.
@@ -214,7 +233,7 @@ fn two_query_promql_dp_equals_exhaustive() {
         ],
         1_000,
     );
-    assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&promql_inventory(&workload), &workload, 24);
+    assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&promql_inventory(&workload), &workload, 48);
 }
 
 /// A SQL workload (distinct count and percentile) selects the exhaustive minimum.
@@ -250,12 +269,13 @@ async fn sql_dp_equals_exhaustive() {
             .expect("lowers");
         roots.push((index, QueryRoot::Operator(root)));
     }
-    let inventory = enumerate_local_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1");
+    let inventory = stage1_logical_candidates(roots).expect("Stage 1");
     assert_dp_matches_exhaustive(&inventory, &workload, 15);
 }
 
-/// Through the facade, Example 1 selects the exhaustive winner, P20: both
-/// queries exact, Q1's rate and sum and Q2's sum as exact accumulators.
+/// Through the facade, Example 1 selects the exhaustive winner, P44: both
+/// queries exact, Q1's rate and sum and Q2's sum as exact accumulators, over
+/// one shared range selector.
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn facade_selects_the_example1_exhaustive_winner() {
     let workload = example1();
@@ -270,7 +290,16 @@ async fn facade_selects_the_example1_exhaustive_winner() {
     .await
     .expect("plans");
     let selection = output.selection.as_ref().expect("selection");
-    assert_eq!(selection.selected, "P20");
+    assert_eq!(selection.selected, "P44");
+    assert_eq!(output.plans.len(), 2);
+    let scans = |root: &std::rc::Rc<asap_types::ir::OperatorNode>| {
+        asap_types::ir::OperatorNode::reachable(root)
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|n| matches!(n.non_asap(), Some(asap_types::ir::NonASAPOp::Scan { .. })))
+            .map(|n| std::rc::Rc::as_ptr(&n))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(scans(&output.plans[0].root), scans(&output.plans[1].root));
     assert_eq!(selection.method, SelectionMethod::TreeDp);
     assert_eq!(output.entry_indices(), vec![0, 1]);
     // The plans are already timed at query time; exporting them again
diff --git a/crates/types/src/ir/schema_support.rs b/crates/types/src/ir/schema_support.rs
index bace1743f..415c9801f 100644
--- a/crates/types/src/ir/schema_support.rs
+++ b/crates/types/src/ir/schema_support.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ pub fn with_promql_series_identity(
                     false,
                 ));
                 schema.closed = true;
+                // A series has at most one sample per timestamp, so the full
+                // identity and the timestamp key each row. CSE's sharing
+                // legality reads this key.
+                if let Some(time) = schema.time_index {
+                    schema.add_unique_key(vec![schema.fields.len() - 1, time]);
+                }
             }
             Operator::NonASAP(NonASAPOp::Sort { partition_by, .. })
                 if partition_by.is_without() =>
diff --git a/docs/design_docs/proposals/planner-layering-example1-acceptance.md b/docs/design_docs/proposals/planner-layering-example1-acceptance.md
index 6df7fa737..8c865b16c 100644
--- a/docs/design_docs/proposals/planner-layering-example1-acceptance.md
+++ b/docs/design_docs/proposals/planner-layering-example1-acceptance.md
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ decision, see [Candidate counts](#candidate-counts)).
 | Stage | Doc (#509) | MVP (this spec) |
 |---|---|---|
 | 0. Frontends | 1 workload `LogicalDAG` | same |
-| 1. Logical ASAP | Pass 1 (3) × identical-expression rule (2) × window-composition rule (3 × 3) = **54** | Pass 1 only = **24**. The identical-expression rule (Pass 2) and window composition (blocked on #511: #518, #522) are not implemented. |
-| 2. Physical ASAP | Materialization options per window form = **156** | Physical operator implementation only, no materialization = **24** (the doc's Raw/Raw plans) |
+| 1. Logical ASAP | Pass 1 (3) × identical-expression rule (2) × window-composition rule (3 × 3) = **54** | Pass 1 (24) × identical-expression rule (2) = **48**. Window composition (blocked on #511: #518, #522) is not implemented. |
+| 2. Physical ASAP | Materialization options per window form = **156** | Physical operator implementation only, no materialization = **48** (the doc's Raw/Raw plans, separate or with a shared input) |
 | 3. Selection | 1 plan | 1 plan |
 
 Every MVP candidate is one of the doc's candidates: in Stage 1, the one with no
@@ -52,28 +52,34 @@ Count-Min + heap, Hydra) × separate or shared input. It did not account for
 Pass 1's exact-accumulator options: each of Q1's `rate` and `sum` and Q2's
 `sum_over_time` may stay a raw aggregate or become an exact accumulator
 (`SummaryAgg` → `FinalizeExactAccumulator`). Pass 1 also offers
-CountSketch + heap for Q2's top-k. The planner therefore yields
-2 × 2 (Q1) × 3 × 2 (Q2) = **24** candidates. Hydra and shared-input variants
-are not produced yet; their tests stay ignored, naming the missing feature.
+CountSketch + heap for Q2's top-k. Pass 1 therefore yields
+2 × 2 (Q1) × 3 × 2 (Q2) = **24** combinations, and Pass 2's
+identical-expression rule adds a shared-input variant of each: **48**
+candidates. Hydra is not produced yet; its test stays ignored, naming the
+missing feature.
 
-## Stage 1: 24 candidates
+## Stage 1: 48 candidates
 
 Every combination of Q1 `rate` {raw, Rate acc} × Q1 `sum` {raw, Sum acc} × Q2
 top-k {exact, Count-Min + heap, CountSketch + heap} × Q2 `sum_over_time`
-{raw, Sum acc}. Each query reads its own `http_requests_total[1m]` input.
+{raw, Sum acc}, twice: L1–L24 with each query reading its own
+`http_requests_total[1m]` input, and L25–L48 (labelled "· shared input") with
+one scan → range 1m read by both queries. Pass 2 adds the shared variant only
+because sharing merges nodes; Stage 3 chooses between the variants by cost.
 
 Invariants:
 
-* Exactly 24 candidates, one per combination. No duplicates.
+* Exactly 48 candidates: each combination once with separate inputs and once
+  with the shared input. No duplicates.
 * Every candidate covers both queries.
 * Q1 never reaches a sketch node.
 * Only the scan and range nodes may be shared. No summary is shared.
-* Pending (ignored tests): the sketch families in Q2 are {`CmsWithHeap`,
+* For each Q2 option, both an independent and a shared variant are present.
+* Pending (ignored test): the sketch families in Q2 are {`CmsWithHeap`,
   `CountSketchWithHeap`} per subpopulation and Hydra `HydraCms` (no Hydra
-  alternative yet), and for each Q2 option both an independent and a shared
-  variant are present (needs Pass 2).
+  alternative yet).
 
-## Stage 2: 24 candidates
+## Stage 2: 48 candidates
 
 `Pn` implements `Ln`. Exact Q2 top-k becomes sort (partition by job) → limit
 10; a sketch Q2 is a heap-sketch build → top-10 estimate, which returns the
@@ -85,12 +91,12 @@ Invariants:
   bijection onto the Stage 1 ids, so no valid candidate is dropped before
   Stage 3.
 * Each physical candidate keeps its logical Q2 option and input sharing.
-* Exact TopK is implemented as a sort followed by a limit (8 candidates).
+* Exact TopK is implemented as a sort followed by a limit (16 candidates).
 * A summary Q2 is a sketch build node feeding an estimation node. There is no
   merge node, because the MVP has no window summaries.
 * No node runs at ingestion time, because the MVP has no materialization.
 * The runtime's physical planner compiles every candidate Stage 3 finds
-  valid, and rejects the 8 Count-Min + heap candidates for the reason Stage 3
+  valid, and rejects the 16 Count-Min + heap candidates for the reason Stage 3
   gives: their update weights are not proven non-negative.
 
 ### Candidates for manual review
@@ -98,32 +104,56 @@ Invariants:
 Generated from `tools/dag-viewer/examples/planner-layering-example1.json`.
 "acc" is an exact accumulator; "raw" keeps the relational aggregate.
 
-| Id | Label | Q1 choice | Q2 choice | Stage 3 outcome | Reason |
-|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-| P1 (L1) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 86.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P2 (L2) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 83.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P3 (L3) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P4 (L4) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P5 (L5) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 198.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P6 (L6) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 195.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P7 (L7) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 83.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P8 (L8) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 80.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P9 (L9) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P10 (L10) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P11 (L11) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 195.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P12 (L12) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 192.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P13 (L13) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 85.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P14 (L14) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 82.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P15 (L15) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P16 (L16) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P17 (L17) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 197.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P18 (L18) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 194.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P19 (L19) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 82.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P20 (L20) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | **selected** | cheapest valid (79.401 cpu ms) |
-| P21 (L21) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P22 (L22) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
-| P23 (L23) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | valid, costlier | 194.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
-| P24 (L24) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | valid, costlier | 191.401 vs 79.401 cpu ms |
+| Id | Label | Q1 choice | Q2 choice | Input | Stage 3 outcome | Reason |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| P1 (L1) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 86.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P2 (L2) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 83.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P3 (L3) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P4 (L4) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P5 (L5) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 198.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P6 (L6) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 195.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P7 (L7) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 83.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P8 (L8) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 80.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P9 (L9) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P10 (L10) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P11 (L11) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 195.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P12 (L12) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 192.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P13 (L13) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 85.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P14 (L14) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 82.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P15 (L15) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P16 (L16) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P17 (L17) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 197.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P18 (L18) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 194.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P19 (L19) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 82.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P20 (L20) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 79.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P21 (L21) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P22 (L22) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P23 (L23) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | separate | valid, costlier | 194.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P24 (L24) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | separate | valid, costlier | 191.401 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P25 (L25) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 59.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P26 (L26) | Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 56.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P27 (L27) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P28 (L28) | Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P29 (L29) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 171.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P30 (L30) | Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 168.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P31 (L31) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 56.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P32 (L32) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 53.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P33 (L33) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P34 (L34) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P35 (L35) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 168.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P36 (L36) | Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: raw | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 165.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P37 (L37) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 58.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P38 (L38) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 55.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P39 (L39) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P40 (L40) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P41 (L41) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 170.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P42 (L42) | Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: raw; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 167.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P43 (L43) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 55.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P44 (L44) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: exact (sort → limit); sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | **selected** | cheapest valid (52.201 cpu ms) |
+| P45 (L45) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P46 (L46) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: Count-Min + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | invalid | q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative |
+| P47 (L47) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: raw | shared | valid, costlier | 167.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
+| P48 (L48) | Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input | rate: Rate acc; sum: Sum acc | top-k: CountSketch + heap; sum_over_time: Sum acc | shared | valid, costlier | 164.201 vs 52.201 cpu ms |
 
 Count-Min + heap stays invalid: Q2 ranks `sum_over_time` of raw samples, and
 nothing in the workload declares `http_requests_total` non-negative (no metric
@@ -142,14 +172,16 @@ Invariants:
   Stage 3 prices valid candidates only.
 * The selected plan is no more expensive than any valid candidate.
 * For each Q2 option, the shared-input candidate costs no more than its
-  separate counterpart (pending: needs Pass 2).
+  separate counterpart.
+* A shared-input candidate is selected, matching the doc's "Raw with a shared
+  input" winner. It saves exactly one scan and one range node over the same
+  choices with separate inputs.
 
-Expected outcome, not asserted because it depends on the cost and accuracy
-models: a shared-input candidate wins, matching the doc's "Raw with a shared
-input" winner. Today, without shared inputs, P20 (all exact, with exact
-accumulators for Q1's rate and sum and Q2's sum_over_time) is selected. The
-doc's other typical winners need window forms or materialization and are out
-of MVP scope.
+Outcome with the built-in models: P44 (P20's choices, all exact with exact
+accumulators for Q1's rate and sum and Q2's sum_over_time, over the shared
+input) at 52.201 cpu ms, against 79.401 for P20. The scan (23.2) and range
+(4.0) are priced once instead of twice. The doc's other typical winners need
+window forms or materialization and are out of MVP scope.
 
 ## Ambiguities and MVP deviations
 
@@ -164,8 +196,11 @@ of MVP scope.
    this a physical choice. Today the frontend emits `aggregate[top_k]`. The
    spec requires sort → limit only by Stage 2.
 3. **Minimal Pass 2.** Only the identical-expression rule applies. The
-   window-composition rule adds 48 of the doc's 54 candidates, and its
-   tumbling and sliding variants wait on #511.
+   window-composition rule adds the rest of the doc's 54 candidates, and its
+   tumbling and sliding variants wait on #511. Sharing the range selector
+   needs its rows to have a provable key, which CSE's legality rule requires:
+   a PromQL series has at most one sample per timestamp, so (series identity,
+   timestamp) is declared as the scan's key.
 4. **"Shared summary charged once"** does not apply literally: the doc says no
    summary is shared in Example 1. The tests check the general form (each node
    charged once) on the shared input node.
diff --git a/tools/dag-viewer/examples/planner-layering-example1.json b/tools/dag-viewer/examples/planner-layering-example1.json
index c8601e2f7..ebb22bc7a 100644
--- a/tools/dag-viewer/examples/planner-layering-example1.json
+++ b/tools/dag-viewer/examples/planner-layering-example1.json
@@ -46,7 +46,12 @@
                     }
                   ],
                   "time_index": 0,
-                  "unique_keys": []
+                  "unique_keys": [
+                    [
+                      3,
+                      0
+                    ]
+                  ]
                 },
                 "source": {
                   "TimeSeries": {
@@ -94,7 +99,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -150,7 +160,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -212,7 +227,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -314,7 +334,12 @@
                     }
                   ],
                   "time_index": 0,
-                  "unique_keys": []
+                  "unique_keys": [
+                    [
+                      3,
+                      0
+                    ]
+                  ]
                 },
                 "source": {
                   "TimeSeries": {
@@ -362,7 +387,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -418,7 +448,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -481,7 +516,12 @@
               }
             ],
             "time_index": 0,
-            "unique_keys": []
+            "unique_keys": [
+              [
+                3,
+                0
+              ]
+            ]
           },
           "timing": null
         },
@@ -612,7 +652,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -660,7 +705,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -716,7 +766,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -778,7 +833,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -880,7 +940,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -928,7 +993,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -984,7 +1054,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1047,7 +1122,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1178,7 +1258,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -1226,7 +1311,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1282,7 +1372,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1344,7 +1439,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1446,7 +1546,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -1494,7 +1599,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1550,7 +1660,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1622,7 +1737,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1673,7 +1793,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1804,7 +1929,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -1852,7 +1982,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1908,7 +2043,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -1970,7 +2110,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2072,7 +2217,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -2120,7 +2270,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2176,7 +2331,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2239,7 +2399,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2443,7 +2608,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -2491,7 +2661,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2547,7 +2722,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "timing": null
             },
@@ -2609,7 +2789,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
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@@ -16063,7 +17108,12 @@
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@@ -16213,7 +17263,12 @@
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@@ -16261,7 +17316,12 @@
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@@ -16317,7 +17377,12 @@
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@@ -16380,7 +17445,12 @@
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@@ -16584,7 +17654,12 @@
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@@ -16632,7 +17707,12 @@
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@@ -16688,7 +17768,12 @@
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@@ -16760,7 +17845,12 @@
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@@ -16811,7 +17901,12 @@
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@@ -16961,7 +18056,12 @@
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@@ -17009,7 +18109,12 @@
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@@ -17065,7 +18170,12 @@
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@@ -17137,7 +18247,12 @@
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@@ -17188,7 +18303,12 @@
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@@ -17345,74 +18465,70 @@
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         "id": "L24",
         "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc)"
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-    "capped": false,
-    "combinations": 24
-  },
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       {
         "dag": {
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@@ -17449,20 +18565,31 @@
                   }
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -17499,20 +18626,37 @@
                   }
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+                    "measures": [
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               },
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -17549,38 +18693,44 @@
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             {
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+                      "Reduce": [
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+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
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               },
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@@ -17591,28 +18741,45 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
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               },
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-              "intermediate_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
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@@ -17649,38 +18816,48 @@
                   }
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "accuracy": {
+                          "EpsilonDelta": {
+                            "delta": 0.001,
+                            "epsilon": 0.01
+                          }
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+                        "k": 10,
+                        "kind": "top_k"
+                      }
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+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
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+                }
               },
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-              "intermediate_schema": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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@@ -17696,30 +18873,6 @@
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@@ -17728,32 +18881,37 @@
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+          "roots": [
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+            },
+            {
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+          ]
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+        "id": "L25",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 exact · shared input"
+      },
+      {
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                 "NonASAP": {
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@@ -17794,7 +18952,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
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-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
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@@ -17803,12 +18966,9 @@
                     }
                   }
                 }
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-              "output_schema": {
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@@ -17845,13 +19005,18 @@
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@@ -17862,12 +19027,9 @@
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                 }
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@@ -17904,13 +19066,18 @@
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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+              "operator": {
                 "NonASAP": {
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@@ -17927,14 +19094,27 @@
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
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-            {
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-              "output_schema": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -17945,25 +19125,26 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
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+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
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                 ],
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                 "unique_keys": [
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-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
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+              "operator": {
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@@ -17985,30 +19166,11 @@
                     }
                   }
                 }
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-            {
-              "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 4,
-              "output_schema": {
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@@ -18019,76 +19181,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
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-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
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                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
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-              "output_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
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-                          "name": "job",
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-                          "nullable": false,
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-                      "unique_keys": []
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+                    "family": {
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
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                     },
-                    "source": {
-                      "TimeSeries": {
-                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
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+                      "weight": {
+                        "Column": "SampleValue"
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+                      "weight_domain": {
+                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
                       }
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                   }
                 }
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18101,9 +19238,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -18125,29 +19265,26 @@
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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-                    "kind": "range",
-                    "range": {
-                      "nanos": 0,
-                      "secs": 60
-                    }
-                  }
-                }
-              }
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             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 6,
-              "output_schema": {
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+                  }
+                }
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18184,13 +19321,18 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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                 "NonASAP": {
                   "Aggregate": {
                     "child": 5,
@@ -18198,88 +19340,140 @@
                     "having": null,
                     "measures": [
                       {
-                        "col": null,
-                        "kind": "sum"
+                        "accuracy": {
+                          "EpsilonDelta": {
+                            "delta": 0.001,
+                            "epsilon": 0.01
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "k": 10,
+                        "kind": "top_k"
                       }
                     ],
-                    "output_names": [
-                      ""
-                    ],
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                    "output_names": [],
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
                   }
                 }
-              }
-            },
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-              "id": 7,
-              "output_schema": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "value",
-                    "nullable": false,
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
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+                    1
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               },
-              "payload": {
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+            }
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+              "Operator": 3
+            },
+            {
+              "Operator": 6
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "id": "L26",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input"
+      },
+      {
+        "dag": {
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+              "operator": {
                 "NonASAP": {
-                  "Sort": {
-                    "child": 6,
-                    "keys": [
-                      {
-                        "ascending": false,
-                        "expr": {
-                          "Column": 1
+                  "Scan": {
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+                      "closed": true,
+                      "fields": [
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "timestamp"
+                          },
+                          "name": "ts",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
                         },
-                        "nulls_first": false
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "float64"
+                          },
+                          "name": "value",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "job",
+                          "nullable": true,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                          "nullable": false,
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+                        }
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+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
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                       }
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                   }
                 }
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-              "output_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18316,46 +19510,31 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
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-              },
-              "output_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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                 "NonASAP": {
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-                    "n": 10,
-                    "offset": 0,
-                    "partition_by": [
-                      2
-                    ]
+                  "TimeRange": {
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+                    "kind": "range",
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+                      "secs": 60
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                   }
                 }
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "range_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18392,20 +19571,37 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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               },
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             },
             {
-              "consumer": 2,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
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+                    "having": null,
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+                    ],
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+                      ""
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+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18442,38 +19638,44 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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             },
             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
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+                        "kind": "sum"
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+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
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                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -18484,28 +19686,45 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                        "kind": "sum"
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18542,38 +19761,121 @@
                   }
                 ],
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+                    "family": {
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+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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+                      "weight": {
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+                      },
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+                      ]
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                 "fields": [
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
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@@ -18589,217 +19891,45 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
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-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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+                "unique_keys": [
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-              "role": "Input",
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             {
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             }
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+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input"
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@@ -18840,7 +19970,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
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+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
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+                          0
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@@ -18849,12 +19984,9 @@
                     }
                   }
                 }
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                   {
@@ -18891,13 +20023,18 @@
                   }
                 ],
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               },
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+              "operator": {
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@@ -18908,12 +20045,9 @@
                     }
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                 }
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -18950,13 +20084,18 @@
                   }
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@@ -18973,14 +20112,27 @@
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
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                 "fields": [
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@@ -18991,25 +20143,26 @@
                   },
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@@ -19031,30 +20184,11 @@
                     }
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                 }
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-              "output_schema": {
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@@ -19065,76 +20199,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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                   {
@@ -19147,9 +20256,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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@@ -19171,29 +20283,26 @@
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -19206,12 +20315,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
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@@ -19233,26 +20339,45 @@
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                     "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                      "Sketch": [
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+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
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                       ]
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                     "filter": null,
                     "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
                     "input": {
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+                      "item": {
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+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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                       "weight": {
                         "Column": "SampleValue"
                       },
@@ -19260,33 +20385,18 @@
                         "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
                       }
                     },
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
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+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
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@@ -19297,50 +20407,53 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
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             {
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@@ -19356,48 +20469,6 @@
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@@ -19406,65 +20477,94 @@
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         },
-        "from_logical": "L2",
-        "id": "P2",
-        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc)"
+        "id": "L28",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
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               },
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -19501,20 +20601,31 @@
                   }
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                 "fields": [
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@@ -19551,20 +20662,37 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -19601,38 +20729,44 @@
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@@ -19643,28 +20777,45 @@
                   },
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
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@@ -19701,70 +20852,62 @@
                   }
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+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -19779,13 +20922,13 @@
                     "dtype": {
                       "Sketch": [
                         {
-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
-                            "CmsWithHeap": {
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+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
+                              "width": 30000
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@@ -19804,34 +20947,26 @@
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@@ -19847,16 +20982,45 @@
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@@ -19897,7 +21061,12 @@
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@@ -19906,12 +21075,9 @@
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@@ -19948,13 +21114,18 @@
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@@ -19965,12 +21136,9 @@
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@@ -20007,13 +21175,18 @@
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@@ -20030,14 +21203,27 @@
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@@ -20048,25 +21234,26 @@
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@@ -20088,30 +21275,11 @@
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@@ -20122,76 +21290,51 @@
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@@ -20204,9 +21347,12 @@
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@@ -20228,29 +21374,26 @@
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@@ -20287,93 +21430,31 @@
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@@ -20402,12 +21483,9 @@
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@@ -20420,17 +21498,22 @@
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -20438,16 +21521,15 @@
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@@ -20455,50 +21537,14 @@
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@@ -20514,32 +21560,6 @@
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@@ -20548,39 +21568,94 @@
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@@ -20617,20 +21692,31 @@
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@@ -20667,70 +21753,44 @@
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@@ -20744,8 +21804,8 @@
                   {
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-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                        "Rate",
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@@ -20846,22 +21934,9 @@
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@@ -20873,16 +21948,31 @@
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@@ -20919,13 +22009,102 @@
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@@ -20966,7 +22145,12 @@
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@@ -20975,12 +22159,9 @@
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@@ -21034,12 +22220,9 @@
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@@ -21157,12 +22425,125 @@
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@@ -21199,13 +22580,102 @@
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@@ -21246,7 +22716,12 @@
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@@ -21255,12 +22730,9 @@
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@@ -21297,16 +22769,21 @@
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@@ -21314,12 +22791,9 @@
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@@ -21332,12 +22806,9 @@
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@@ -21359,20 +22830,25 @@
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@@ -21389,12 +22865,9 @@
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@@ -21407,9 +22880,12 @@
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@@ -21431,26 +22907,44 @@
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@@ -21461,72 +22955,40 @@
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                         2
@@ -21534,12 +22996,9 @@
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@@ -21552,17 +23011,9 @@
                   },
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@@ -21570,49 +23021,35 @@
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@@ -21649,38 +23086,121 @@
                   }
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
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@@ -21696,23 +23216,102 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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+            }
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+        "id": "L33",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap · shared input"
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@@ -21749,20 +23348,31 @@
                   }
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@@ -21799,20 +23409,44 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -21825,9 +23459,12 @@
                   },
                   {
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Rate"
+                      ]
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@@ -21849,20 +23486,26 @@
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                 "fields": [
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@@ -21899,20 +23542,42 @@
                   }
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                 "fields": [
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@@ -21925,22 +23590,9 @@
                   },
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                     "dtype": {
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-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
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                     "table": null
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@@ -21952,16 +23604,37 @@
                   ]
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-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -21974,9 +23647,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -21998,68 +23674,26 @@
                   }
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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                   {
@@ -22096,94 +23730,62 @@
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+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
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-                    "having": null,
-                    "measures": [
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
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+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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+                      },
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+                      "weight_domain": {
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                       }
-                    ],
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-                      ""
-                    ],
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
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+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
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                   }
                 }
-              }
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-            {
-              "guarantee": null,
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-              "output_schema": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -22196,9 +23798,22 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "sum",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
@@ -22210,81 +23825,80 @@
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-                      "Reduce": [
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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                 "fields": [
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-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
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-                    "name": "job",
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                     "table": null
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
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@@ -22325,7 +23939,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -22334,12 +23953,9 @@
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@@ -22376,16 +23992,21 @@
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@@ -22393,12 +24014,9 @@
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@@ -22435,107 +24053,31 @@
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                     "family": {
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
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-                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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@@ -22543,92 +24085,71 @@
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-                      "Reduce": [
-                        2
-                      ]
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+                        "Rate"
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                   },
                   {
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@@ -22665,21 +24186,94 @@
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@@ -22715,38 +24309,121 @@
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -22762,23 +24439,102 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "Operator": 7
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "id": "L35",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap · shared input"
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               },
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@@ -22815,20 +24571,31 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -22865,20 +24632,44 @@
                   }
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                        "Rate"
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -22892,8 +24683,8 @@
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                        "Rate",
+                        "Rate"
                       ]
                     },
                     "name": "state",
@@ -22918,20 +24709,26 @@
                   }
                 ],
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
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+              "operator": {
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               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -22968,20 +24765,42 @@
                   }
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-              "role": "Input",
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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@@ -22994,22 +24813,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
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-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "sum",
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                     "table": null
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@@ -23021,16 +24827,37 @@
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-              "producer": 8,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
-            }
-          ],
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 0,
-              "output_schema": {
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+                    "family": {
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+                        "Sum"
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
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+                      "weight": {
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+                      "weight_domain": {
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+                    },
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+                  }
+                }
+              },
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -23043,9 +24870,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
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                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -23067,68 +24897,26 @@
                   }
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@@ -23165,94 +24953,62 @@
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+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
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                       }
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -23265,9 +25021,22 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
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                     "table": null
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@@ -23279,81 +25048,80 @@
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+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
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@@ -23394,7 +25162,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
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@@ -23403,12 +25176,9 @@
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@@ -23445,16 +25215,21 @@
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@@ -23462,12 +25237,9 @@
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@@ -23480,12 +25252,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
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@@ -23507,42 +25276,37 @@
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@@ -23579,95 +25343,31 @@
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@@ -23682,12 +25382,9 @@
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@@ -23700,17 +25397,12 @@
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@@ -23718,67 +25410,25 @@
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@@ -23789,28 +25439,45 @@
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@@ -23847,73 +25514,159 @@
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@@ -23950,20 +25703,31 @@
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@@ -24000,20 +25764,37 @@
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@@ -24050,38 +25831,92 @@
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@@ -24092,28 +25927,51 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -24126,9 +25984,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
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                     "table": null
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@@ -24150,18 +26011,26 @@
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@@ -24198,37 +26067,126 @@
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+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc) · shared input"
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@@ -24245,7 +26203,12 @@
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@@ -24254,12 +26217,9 @@
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@@ -24296,13 +26256,18 @@
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@@ -24313,12 +26278,9 @@
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@@ -24331,12 +26293,9 @@
                   },
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-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
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@@ -24358,42 +26317,37 @@
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@@ -24430,24 +26384,90 @@
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@@ -24474,14 +26494,14 @@
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@@ -24493,19 +26513,12 @@
                     "output_names": [
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@@ -24542,13 +26555,175 @@
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@@ -24589,7 +26764,12 @@
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@@ -24598,12 +26778,9 @@
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@@ -24640,16 +26817,21 @@
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@@ -24657,12 +26839,9 @@
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@@ -24699,22 +26878,26 @@
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                     "filters": [],
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                     "measures": [
                       {
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-                        "kind": "sum"
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@@ -24723,12 +26906,9 @@
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
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-              "output_schema": {
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                   {
@@ -24765,54 +26945,92 @@
                   }
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-                    ]
-                  }
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 9,
-              "output_schema": {
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+                    "family": {
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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+                        2
+                      ]
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
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-                    "nullable": false,
+                    "name": "job",
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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-                    "name": "value",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
-                  },
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+            {
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -24823,54 +27041,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
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                     "table": null
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-              },
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-                    ]
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+            },
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+              "operator": {
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+                    "family": {
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+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
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+                      "weight": {
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                   }
                 }
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               },
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -24883,9 +27098,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
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                   },
@@ -24907,20 +27125,26 @@
                   }
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -24957,41 +27181,121 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
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+                "unique_keys": [
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
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+                    "family": {
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
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+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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+                      "weight": {
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+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
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               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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                     "dtype": {
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                     },
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
                       ]
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-                  },
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+            },
+            {
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+                  }
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+              },
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
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                   {
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                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -25007,23 +27311,102 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
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+                    1
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-              "role": "Input",
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             },
             {
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-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "Operator": 8
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "id": "L40",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
+      },
+      {
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+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
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+                    "schema": {
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+                      "fields": [
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+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "timestamp"
+                          },
+                          "name": "ts",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "float64"
+                          },
+                          "name": "value",
+                          "nullable": false,
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+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
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+                          "nullable": true,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
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+                      "unique_keys": [
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+                          3,
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+                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -25060,20 +27443,31 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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-              "role": "Input",
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             {
-              "consumer": 6,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
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+                    "child": 0,
+                    "kind": "range",
+                    "range": {
+                      "nanos": 0,
+                      "secs": 60
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "range_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -25110,20 +27504,37 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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               },
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-              "role": "Input",
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             },
             {
-              "consumer": 7,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
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+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "kind": "rate"
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -25160,41 +27571,50 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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-              "role": "Input",
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             },
             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
-                    },
-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "ASAP": {
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+                    "child": 2,
+                    "family": {
                       "ExactAggregate": [
                         "Sum",
                         "Sum"
                       ]
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
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+                      "weight": {
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+                      },
+                      "weight_domain": {
+                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
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+              "result_kind": "state",
+              "schema": {
+                "closed": true,
+                "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -25205,46 +27625,38 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
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+                "unique_keys": [
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               },
-              "producer": 7,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
+              "timing": null
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 9,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "ASAP": {
+                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
+                    "child": 3
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -25255,28 +27667,45 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "sum",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
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               },
-              "producer": 8,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
+              "timing": null
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 10,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
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+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
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+                        "col": null,
+                        "kind": "sum"
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+                    "output_names": [
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+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -25313,36 +27742,121 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
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               },
-              "producer": 9,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
-            }
-          ],
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+            },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 0,
-              "output_schema": {
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+                    "family": {
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "Column": "SampleValue"
+                      },
+                      "weight_domain": {
+                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
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+                }
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+              "result_kind": "state",
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
+                    "name": "job",
+                    "nullable": true,
                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
+                          }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "value",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
-                  },
+                  }
+                ],
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    0
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+              "timing": null
+            },
+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "ASAP": {
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+                      }
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+                    "summary_input": 6
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+                }
+              },
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
+              "schema": {
+                "closed": true,
+                "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -25358,16 +27872,45 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
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                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
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-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    1
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@@ -25408,7 +27951,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -25417,12 +27965,9 @@
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@@ -25459,13 +28004,18 @@
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@@ -25476,12 +28026,9 @@
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@@ -25494,12 +28041,9 @@
                   },
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-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
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@@ -25521,42 +28065,37 @@
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-                      "weight": {
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                       }
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@@ -25593,24 +28132,48 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -25623,9 +28186,12 @@
                   },
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                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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@@ -25637,56 +28203,21 @@
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-                      "Reduce": [
-                        2
-                      ]
-                    }
-                  }
-                }
-              }
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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-              "output_schema": {
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@@ -25697,76 +28228,51 @@
                   },
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                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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@@ -25779,9 +28285,12 @@
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Sum"
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@@ -25803,29 +28312,26 @@
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-                      "secs": 60
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               "guarantee": null,
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@@ -25838,12 +28344,9 @@
                   },
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                     "dtype": {
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-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
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@@ -25865,26 +28368,45 @@
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                     "child": 6,
                     "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
                       ]
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                     "filter": null,
                     "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
                     "input": {
-                      "item": null,
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
+                        }
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                       "weight": {
                         "Column": "SampleValue"
                       },
@@ -25892,33 +28414,18 @@
                         "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
                       }
                     },
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
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@@ -25929,50 +28436,53 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
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             {
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+                      }
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@@ -25988,48 +28498,6 @@
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@@ -26038,65 +28506,94 @@
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         },
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-        "id": "P8",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc)"
+        "id": "L42",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
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               },
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                   {
@@ -26133,20 +28630,31 @@
                   }
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@@ -26183,20 +28691,44 @@
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               },
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                 "closed": true,
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@@ -26236,20 +28768,26 @@
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                   {
@@ -26286,38 +28824,50 @@
                   }
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@@ -26328,46 +28878,38 @@
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@@ -26378,28 +28920,45 @@
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -26436,20 +28995,46 @@
                   }
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@@ -26462,22 +29047,17 @@
                   },
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-                          "category": "TopK",
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
-                            }
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                     },
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@@ -26485,63 +29065,32 @@
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+          "roots": [
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+            },
+            {
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+        "id": "L43",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 exact · shared input"
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@@ -26582,7 +29131,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -26591,12 +29145,9 @@
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@@ -26633,13 +29184,18 @@
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@@ -26650,12 +29206,9 @@
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@@ -26668,12 +29221,9 @@
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-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
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@@ -26695,13 +29245,18 @@
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@@ -26725,12 +29280,9 @@
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@@ -26743,9 +29295,12 @@
                   },
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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@@ -26767,26 +29322,44 @@
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@@ -26797,39 +29370,46 @@
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                         2
@@ -26837,30 +29417,53 @@
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                 "fields": [
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                     },
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                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -26871,76 +29474,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
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                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
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                 ],
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-              },
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-                          "nullable": false,
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-                      "TimeSeries": {
-                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                    "filter": null,
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -26953,9 +29531,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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-                    "name": "value",
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                     "table": null
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@@ -26977,29 +29558,26 @@
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                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
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-              },
-              "output_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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-                    "kind": "range",
-                    "range": {
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-                      "secs": 60
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-                  }
-                }
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 7,
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+                  }
+                }
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -27036,114 +29614,36 @@
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-                          "category": "TopK",
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                   [
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-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
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-                              "depth": 7,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
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                     "reduction": {
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                         2
@@ -27151,12 +29651,9 @@
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@@ -27192,44 +29689,84 @@
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@@ -27419,38 +29997,92 @@
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@@ -27461,28 +30093,45 @@
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@@ -27675,59 +30263,80 @@
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@@ -27768,7 +30377,12 @@
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@@ -27777,12 +30391,9 @@
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@@ -27819,13 +30430,18 @@
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@@ -27836,12 +30452,9 @@
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@@ -27854,12 +30467,9 @@
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@@ -27881,13 +30491,18 @@
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@@ -27911,12 +30526,9 @@
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@@ -27929,9 +30541,12 @@
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@@ -27953,26 +30568,44 @@
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@@ -27983,39 +30616,46 @@
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@@ -28023,30 +30663,53 @@
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                   {
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                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -28057,76 +30720,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
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                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
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               },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "timing": null
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+              "guarantee": null,
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+                    "family": {
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+                        "Sum"
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
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+                      "weight": {
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+                      "weight_domain": {
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-                      "fields": [
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-                            "Plain": "timestamp"
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-                          "name": "ts",
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-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "float64"
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-                          "name": "value",
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-                          "table": null
-                        },
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-              "guarantee": null,
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-              "output_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28139,9 +30777,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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-                    "name": "value",
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                     "table": null
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@@ -28163,29 +30804,26 @@
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-              },
-              "output_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
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-                    "range": {
-                      "nanos": 0,
-                      "secs": 60
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-                }
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             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 7,
-              "output_schema": {
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+                  }
+                }
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28198,12 +30836,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
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                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -28225,26 +30860,45 @@
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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+                ]
               },
-              "payload": {
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+            },
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                 "ASAP": {
                   "SummaryAgg": {
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+                    "child": 7,
                     "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
                       ]
                     },
                     "filter": null,
                     "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
                     "input": {
-                      "item": null,
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
+                        }
+                      },
                       "weight": {
                         "Column": "SampleValue"
                       },
@@ -28252,69 +30906,16 @@
                         "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
                       }
                     },
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
                   }
                 }
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-                }
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-            },
-            {
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-              "output_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28354,58 +30955,24 @@
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
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                 "ASAP": {
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-                    "family": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
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-                              "depth": 7,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
-                            }
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-                        }
-                      },
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                  "SummaryEstimate": {
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                       }
                     },
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-                      ]
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                   }
                 }
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-              "id": 10,
-              "output_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28441,44 +31008,84 @@
                   ]
                 ]
               },
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-                  }
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-              }
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             }
           ],
           "roots": [
-            4,
-            10
+            {
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+            {
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           ]
         },
-        "from_logical": "L10",
-        "id": "P10",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc)"
+        "id": "L46",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
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             {
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+                      "fields": [
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+                          },
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+                        },
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+                            "Plain": "float64"
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+                          "name": "value",
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+                          "table": null
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+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
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+                          "nullable": true,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
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+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
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+                      }
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+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28515,20 +31122,31 @@
                   }
                 ],
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
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+                    "kind": "range",
+                    "range": {
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+                      "secs": 60
+                    }
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               },
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-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28565,20 +31183,44 @@
                   }
                 ],
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             {
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-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                        "Rate",
+                        "Rate"
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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+                      }
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+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28618,20 +31260,26 @@
                   }
                 ],
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             {
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-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
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+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28668,38 +31316,50 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
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             },
             {
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-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
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+                    "family": {
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+                        "Sum"
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
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+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -28710,46 +31370,38 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
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               },
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-              "role": "Input",
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             {
-              "consumer": 7,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "ASAP": {
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+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -28760,28 +31412,45 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "sum",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": 0,
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+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    0
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               },
-              "producer": 6,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
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             },
             {
-              "consumer": 8,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
+                    "child": 1,
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "col": null,
+                        "kind": "sum"
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "instant_vector",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28818,20 +31487,62 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
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+                ]
               },
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-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
+              "timing": null
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 9,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "operator": {
+                "ASAP": {
+                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                    "child": 6,
+                    "family": {
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
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+                      "weight": {
+                        "Column": "SampleValue"
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+                      "weight_domain": {
+                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
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+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "result_kind": "state",
+              "schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -28871,59 +31582,80 @@
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "producer": 8,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
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-          ],
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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                     "dtype": {
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-                    "name": "ts",
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-                    "table": null
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-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
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-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
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                     "table": null
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@@ -28964,7 +31696,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -28973,12 +31710,9 @@
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@@ -29015,13 +31749,18 @@
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@@ -29032,12 +31771,9 @@
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@@ -29050,12 +31786,9 @@
                   },
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-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
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@@ -29077,13 +31810,18 @@
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@@ -29107,12 +31845,9 @@
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
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@@ -29125,9 +31860,12 @@
                   },
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Rate"
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@@ -29149,82 +31887,26 @@
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-                      "Reduce": [
-                        2
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@@ -29261,86 +31943,92 @@
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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@@ -29351,37 +32039,51 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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                 ],
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-                }
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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+                        "Sum"
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+                      "weight": {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -29394,9 +32096,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
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@@ -29418,38 +32123,44 @@
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
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-              "output_schema": {
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@@ -29460,38 +32171,26 @@
                   },
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                     "dtype": {
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-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
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+                      "Plain": "utf8"
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                     "child": 7,
@@ -29533,12 +32232,66 @@
                     }
                   }
                 }
-              }
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+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 125,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
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             {
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                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -29574,33 +32327,27 @@
                   ]
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-        "id": "P11",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap"
-      },
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+        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc) · shared input"
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@@ -29648,7 +32395,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -29698,7 +32450,12 @@
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@@ -29707,7 +32464,7 @@
             {
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@@ -29724,12 +32481,9 @@
                   },
                   {
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@@ -29751,14 +32505,19 @@
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             {
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@@ -29801,9 +32560,14 @@
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@@ -29851,7 +32615,12 @@
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@@ -29901,7 +32670,12 @@
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@@ -29910,7 +32684,7 @@
             {
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@@ -29927,12 +32701,9 @@
                   },
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@@ -29954,110 +32725,14 @@
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@@ -30103,7 +32778,12 @@
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@@ -30150,7 +32830,12 @@
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@@ -30201,7 +32886,12 @@
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -30236,12 +32926,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -30263,33 +32950,31 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
                     "child": 1,
-                    "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "kind": "rate"
                       }
-                    },
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
@@ -30298,60 +32983,6 @@
             {
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-              "output_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
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-                    "dtype": {
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-                  {
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-                  {
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-                    "name": "job",
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-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
-                    },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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-                    "table": null
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-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
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-            {
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               "output_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
@@ -30386,7 +33017,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
                   "Aggregate": {
-                    "child": 3,
+                    "child": 2,
                     "filters": [],
                     "having": null,
                     "measures": [
@@ -30409,7 +33040,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 5,
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               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -30447,7 +33078,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -30494,7 +33130,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
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                     "source": {
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@@ -30507,7 +33148,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 5,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -30545,7 +33186,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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               "output_state": {
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@@ -30554,7 +33200,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
                   "TimeRange": {
-                    "child": 5,
+                    "child": 4,
                     "kind": "range",
                     "range": {
                       "nanos": 0,
@@ -30566,7 +33212,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 6,
               "output_schema": {
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                 "fields": [
@@ -30580,12 +33226,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -30607,33 +33250,32 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
-                    "child": 6,
-                    "family": {
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-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
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-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
+                    "child": 5,
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "col": null,
+                        "kind": "sum"
                       }
-                    },
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
@@ -30641,7 +33283,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 7,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -30679,117 +33321,59 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 7
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Sort": {
+                    "child": 6,
+                    "keys": [
+                      {
+                        "ascending": false,
+                        "expr": {
+                          "Column": 1
+                        },
+                        "nulls_first": false
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "partition_by": [
+                      2
+                    ]
                   }
                 }
               }
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             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 9,
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               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
                     },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
-                  }
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-                "time_index": null,
-                "unique_keys": [
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-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
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-                    "child": 8,
-                    "family": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
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-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": {
-                        "Column": {
-                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
-                        }
-                      },
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
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-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 10,
-              "output_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -30805,21 +33389,13 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
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-                    },
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-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                    0,
-                    1
+                    3,
+                    0
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                 ]
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@@ -30828,27 +33404,27 @@
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryEstimate": {
-                    "query": {
-                      "TopK": {
-                        "k": 10
-                      }
-                    },
-                    "summary_input": 9
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Limit": {
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+                    "n": 10,
+                    "offset": 0,
+                    "partition_by": [
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+                    ]
                   }
                 }
               }
             }
           ],
           "roots": [
-            4,
-            10
+            3,
+            8
           ]
         },
-        "from_logical": "L12",
-        "id": "P12",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc)"
+        "from_logical": "L1",
+        "id": "P1",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 exact"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -30897,7 +33473,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -30947,7 +33528,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -30997,55 +33583,19 @@
                   }
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-              "producer": 2,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
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-            {
-              "consumer": 4,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
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-                    "table": null
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-                        "Sum"
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-                    "table": null
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-                "time_index": null,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
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                     0
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-              "producer": 3,
+              "producer": 2,
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             },
             {
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+              "consumer": 5,
               "data_state": {
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                 "timing": "query_time"
@@ -31088,14 +33638,19 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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+                ]
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-              "producer": 5,
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               "role": "Input",
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             },
             {
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+              "consumer": 6,
               "data_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
@@ -31138,16 +33693,21 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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-              "producer": 6,
+              "producer": 5,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 8,
+              "consumer": 7,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
+                "primitive": "SummaryState",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
@@ -31164,9 +33724,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "value",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -31188,14 +33751,19 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
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+                ]
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+              "producer": 6,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
             {
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+              "consumer": 8,
               "data_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
@@ -31238,18 +33806,25 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
-              "producer": 8,
+              "producer": 7,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
-            }
-          ],
-          "nodes": [
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             {
-              "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 0,
-              "output_schema": {
+              "consumer": 9,
+              "data_state": {
+                "primitive": "Raw",
+                "timing": "query_time"
+              },
+              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
+              "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -31286,7 +33861,65 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
+              },
+              "producer": 8,
+              "role": "Input",
+              "window": "NotApplicable"
+            }
+          ],
+          "nodes": [
+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "id": 0,
+              "output_schema": {
+                "closed": true,
+                "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
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+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "job",
+                    "nullable": true,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  }
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+                "time_index": 0,
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -31333,7 +33966,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
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                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -31384,7 +34022,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -31443,7 +34086,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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               "output_state": {
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@@ -31484,12 +34132,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "sum",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
@@ -31502,30 +34147,24 @@
                 ]
               },
               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
                     "child": 2,
-                    "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
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+                        "kind": "sum"
                       }
-                    },
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
                     "reduction": {
                       "Reduce": [
                         2
@@ -31538,48 +34177,6 @@
             {
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-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
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-                  }
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-            {
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               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -31617,7 +34214,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -31664,7 +34266,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
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                     "source": {
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@@ -31677,7 +34284,7 @@
             },
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               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 6,
+              "id": 5,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -31715,7 +34322,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
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               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -31724,7 +34336,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
                   "TimeRange": {
-                    "child": 5,
+                    "child": 4,
                     "kind": "range",
                     "range": {
                       "nanos": 0,
@@ -31734,6 +34346,86 @@
                 }
               }
             },
+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "id": 6,
+              "output_schema": {
+                "closed": true,
+                "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "name": "state",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "job",
+                    "nullable": true,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
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+                    },
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+                    "family": {
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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@@ -31774,28 +34466,21 @@
                   }
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-                        "kind": "sum"
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-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
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                   }
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@@ -31840,7 +34525,12 @@
                   }
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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@@ -31906,7 +34596,12 @@
                   }
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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@@ -31927,13 +34622,13 @@
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+            3,
             9
           ]
         },
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-        "id": "P13",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact"
+        "from_logical": "L2",
+        "id": "P2",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 exact (Sum acc)"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -31982,7 +34677,12 @@
                   }
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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@@ -32032,7 +34732,12 @@
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@@ -32082,55 +34787,19 @@
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@@ -32173,14 +34842,19 @@
                   }
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@@ -32223,67 +34897,19 @@
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-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
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@@ -32326,38 +34952,27 @@
                   }
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-                "unique_keys": []
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+              "consumer": 8,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
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@@ -32368,17 +34983,34 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
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+                    "name": "state",
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                     "table": null
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                 ],
-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
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-              "producer": 9,
+              "producer": 7,
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@@ -32424,7 +35056,12 @@
                   }
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -32471,7 +35108,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
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                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -32522,7 +35164,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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@@ -32581,7 +35228,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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@@ -32622,12 +35274,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
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-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "sum",
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                     "table": null
                   }
@@ -32640,30 +35289,24 @@
                 ]
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               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                "NonASAP": {
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                     "child": 2,
-                    "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
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-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
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+                        "kind": "sum"
                       }
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+                    "output_names": [
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                         2
@@ -32676,48 +35319,6 @@
             {
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                 "fields": [
@@ -32755,7 +35356,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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               "output_state": {
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@@ -32802,7 +35408,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
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@@ -32815,7 +35426,7 @@
             },
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+              "id": 5,
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                 "fields": [
@@ -32853,7 +35464,12 @@
                   }
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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@@ -32862,7 +35478,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
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+                    "child": 4,
                     "kind": "range",
                     "range": {
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@@ -32874,7 +35490,7 @@
             },
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@@ -32888,12 +35504,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
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+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
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                     "table": null
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@@ -32915,33 +35528,32 @@
                   }
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-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
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+                "NonASAP": {
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+                    "having": null,
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+                        "kind": "sum"
                       }
-                    },
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+                    "output_names": [
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                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
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@@ -32949,26 +35561,10 @@
             },
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                 "fields": [
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                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -32979,50 +35575,87 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
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+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
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+                    "name": "state",
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                     "table": null
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                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
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+                "primitive": "SummaryState",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
-                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 7
+                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                    "child": 6,
+                    "family": {
+                      "Sketch": [
+                        {
+                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
+                            "CmsWithHeap": {
+                              "depth": 7,
+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 272
+                            }
+                          }
+                        },
+                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
+                      ]
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+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": {
+                        "Column": {
+                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
+                        }
+                      },
+                      "weight": {
+                        "Column": "SampleValue"
+                      },
+                      "weight_domain": {
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+                      "Reduce": [
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+                      ]
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@@ -33038,48 +35671,6 @@
                     "name": "$promql_series_identity",
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-              "payload": {
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-                    "keys": [
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-                        "expr": {
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@@ -33088,53 +35679,42 @@
                     "name": "value",
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-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    1
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               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "NonASAP": {
-                  "Limit": {
-                    "child": 9,
-                    "n": 10,
-                    "offset": 0,
-                    "partition_by": [
-                      2
-                    ]
+                "ASAP": {
+                  "SummaryEstimate": {
+                    "query": {
+                      "TopK": {
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+                      }
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+                    "summary_input": 7
                   }
                 }
               }
             }
           ],
           "roots": [
-            4,
-            10
+            3,
+            8
           ]
         },
-        "from_logical": "L14",
-        "id": "P14",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 exact (Sum acc)"
+        "from_logical": "L3",
+        "id": "P3",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -33183,7 +35763,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -33233,7 +35818,12 @@
                   }
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -33283,22 +35873,43 @@
                   }
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                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
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             {
-              "consumer": 4,
+              "consumer": 5,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
               "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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+                    "table": null
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@@ -33309,24 +35920,22 @@
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@@ -33374,7 +35983,12 @@
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@@ -33383,7 +35997,7 @@
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@@ -33400,9 +36014,12 @@
                   },
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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@@ -33424,7 +36041,12 @@
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@@ -33474,7 +36096,12 @@
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@@ -33573,7 +36200,12 @@
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@@ -33620,7 +36252,12 @@
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@@ -33671,7 +36308,12 @@
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@@ -33730,7 +36372,12 @@
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@@ -33771,12 +36418,9 @@
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@@ -33789,30 +36433,24 @@
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@@ -33825,48 +36463,6 @@
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@@ -33904,7 +36500,12 @@
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@@ -33951,7 +36552,12 @@
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@@ -33962,9 +36568,153 @@
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@@ -34002,87 +36752,21 @@
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@@ -34236,13 +36920,13 @@
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             9
           ]
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-        "id": "P15",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap"
+        "from_logical": "L4",
+        "id": "P4",
+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc)"
       },
       {
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@@ -34291,7 +36975,12 @@
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@@ -34341,7 +37030,12 @@
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@@ -34391,22 +37085,43 @@
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                 "timing": "query_time"
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               "intermediate_schema": {
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@@ -34417,24 +37132,22 @@
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@@ -34482,7 +37195,12 @@
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@@ -34532,7 +37250,12 @@
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@@ -34546,6 +37269,55 @@
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+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
+                          "category": "TopK",
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+                              "heap_size": 100,
+                              "width": 30000
+                            }
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@@ -34558,12 +37330,9 @@
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@@ -34585,20 +37354,78 @@
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                 "timing": "query_time"
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@@ -34635,205 +37462,13 @@
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@@ -34891,7 +37526,12 @@
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@@ -34932,12 +37572,9 @@
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@@ -34950,30 +37587,24 @@
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@@ -34986,48 +37617,6 @@
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@@ -35065,7 +37654,12 @@
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@@ -35125,7 +37724,7 @@
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@@ -35163,7 +37762,12 @@
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@@ -35172,7 +37776,7 @@
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@@ -35184,82 +37788,7 @@
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@@ -35297,23 +37826,40 @@
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@@ -35329,13 +37875,13 @@
                     "dtype": {
                       "Sketch": [
                         {
-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
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+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -35361,17 +37907,17 @@
               "payload": {
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                     "family": {
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                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -35404,7 +37950,7 @@
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@@ -35453,20 +37999,20 @@
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-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc)"
+        "from_logical": "L5",
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+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap"
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@@ -35515,7 +38061,12 @@
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@@ -35565,7 +38116,12 @@
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@@ -35615,22 +38171,43 @@
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               "intermediate_schema": {
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@@ -35641,24 +38218,22 @@
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@@ -35706,7 +38281,12 @@
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@@ -35715,7 +38295,7 @@
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@@ -35732,9 +38312,12 @@
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@@ -35756,7 +38339,12 @@
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@@ -35806,7 +38394,12 @@
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@@ -35905,7 +38498,12 @@
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@@ -35952,7 +38550,12 @@
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@@ -36003,7 +38606,12 @@
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@@ -36062,7 +38670,12 @@
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@@ -36103,12 +38716,9 @@
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@@ -36121,30 +38731,24 @@
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@@ -36157,48 +38761,6 @@
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@@ -36236,7 +38798,12 @@
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@@ -36283,7 +38850,12 @@
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@@ -36296,7 +38868,7 @@
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@@ -36334,7 +38906,12 @@
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@@ -36343,7 +38920,7 @@
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@@ -36353,6 +38930,86 @@
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@@ -36393,28 +39050,21 @@
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@@ -36568,13 +39218,13 @@
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-        "id": "P17",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap"
+        "from_logical": "L6",
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+        "label": "Q1 exact · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc)"
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@@ -36623,7 +39273,12 @@
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@@ -36673,7 +39328,12 @@
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@@ -36682,7 +39342,7 @@
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@@ -36699,9 +39359,12 @@
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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@@ -36723,7 +39386,12 @@
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@@ -36732,13 +39400,29 @@
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+                  {
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+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -36749,19 +39433,17 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
@@ -36814,7 +39496,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 5,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -36864,7 +39551,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 6,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -36873,7 +39565,7 @@
             {
               "consumer": 8,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
@@ -36890,12 +39582,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -36917,7 +39606,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 7,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -36967,60 +39661,14 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "producer": 8,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
-            },
-            {
-              "consumer": 10,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
-                    },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "name": "state",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  }
-                ],
-                "time_index": null,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "producer": 9,
+              "producer": 8,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             }
@@ -37066,7 +39714,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -37113,7 +39766,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -37164,7 +39822,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -37199,9 +39862,12 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Rate",
+                        "Rate"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "value",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -37223,60 +39889,9 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
-                "NonASAP": {
-                  "Aggregate": {
-                    "child": 1,
-                    "filters": [],
-                    "having": null,
-                    "measures": [
-                      {
-                        "kind": "rate"
-                      }
-                    ],
-                    "output_names": [
-                      ""
-                    ],
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 3,
-              "output_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
-                    },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "name": "state",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  }
-                ],
-                "time_index": null,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
@@ -37288,11 +39903,11 @@
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
                   "SummaryAgg": {
-                    "child": 2,
+                    "child": 1,
                     "family": {
                       "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
+                        "Rate",
+                        "Rate"
                       ]
                     },
                     "filter": null,
@@ -37306,21 +39921,33 @@
                         "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
                       }
                     },
-                    "reduction": {
-                      "Reduce": [
-                        2
-                      ]
-                    }
+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 4,
+              "id": 3,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -37331,16 +39958,17 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "sum",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
@@ -37352,33 +39980,17 @@
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
                   "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 3
+                    "child": 2
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 5,
+              "id": 4,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
-                    },
-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
-                    },
-                    "name": "value",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -37389,15 +40001,19 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "sum",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -37405,51 +40021,23 @@
               },
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
-                  "Scan": {
-                    "predicates": [],
-                    "schema": {
-                      "closed": true,
-                      "fields": [
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "timestamp"
-                          },
-                          "name": "ts",
-                          "nullable": false,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "float64"
-                          },
-                          "name": "value",
-                          "nullable": false,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "utf8"
-                          },
-                          "name": "job",
-                          "nullable": true,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "utf8"
-                          },
-                          "name": "$promql_series_identity",
-                          "nullable": false,
-                          "table": null
-                        }
-                      ],
-                      "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
-                    },
-                    "source": {
-                      "TimeSeries": {
-                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                  "Aggregate": {
+                    "child": 3,
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "col": null,
+                        "kind": "sum"
                       }
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
+                    "reduction": {
+                      "Reduce": [
+                        2
+                      ]
                     }
                   }
                 }
@@ -37457,7 +40045,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 6,
+              "id": 5,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -37495,7 +40083,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -37503,12 +40096,56 @@
               },
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
-                  "TimeRange": {
-                    "child": 5,
-                    "kind": "range",
-                    "range": {
-                      "nanos": 0,
-                      "secs": 60
+                  "Scan": {
+                    "predicates": [],
+                    "schema": {
+                      "closed": true,
+                      "fields": [
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "timestamp"
+                          },
+                          "name": "ts",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "float64"
+                          },
+                          "name": "value",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "job",
+                          "nullable": true,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "time_index": 0,
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "source": {
+                      "TimeSeries": {
+                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                      }
                     }
                   }
                 }
@@ -37516,7 +40153,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 7,
+              "id": 6,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -37530,12 +40167,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -37557,41 +40191,33 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
-                    "child": 6,
-                    "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
-                      }
-                    },
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "TimeRange": {
+                    "child": 5,
+                    "kind": "range",
+                    "range": {
+                      "nanos": 0,
+                      "secs": 60
+                    }
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 8,
+              "id": 7,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -37629,26 +40255,59 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 7
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
+                    "child": 6,
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "col": null,
+                        "kind": "sum"
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 9,
+              "id": 8,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -37659,117 +40318,89 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
               "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
-                    "child": 8,
-                    "family": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Sort": {
+                    "child": 7,
+                    "keys": [
+                      {
+                        "ascending": false,
+                        "expr": {
+                          "Column": 1
                         },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": {
-                        "Column": {
-                          "Named": "$promql_series_identity"
-                        }
-                      },
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                        "nulls_first": false
                       }
-                    },
-                    "reduction": {
-                      "Reduce": [
-                        2
-                      ]
-                    }
+                    ],
+                    "partition_by": [
+                      2
+                    ]
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 10,
+              "id": 9,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
                     },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "value",
+                    "name": "job",
+                    "nullable": true,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
-                    0,
-                    1
+                    3,
+                    0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
@@ -37778,14 +40409,14 @@
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryEstimate": {
-                    "query": {
-                      "TopK": {
-                        "k": 10
-                      }
-                    },
-                    "summary_input": 9
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Limit": {
+                    "child": 8,
+                    "n": 10,
+                    "offset": 0,
+                    "partition_by": [
+                      2
+                    ]
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -37793,12 +40424,12 @@
           ],
           "roots": [
             4,
-            10
+            9
           ]
         },
-        "from_logical": "L18",
-        "id": "P18",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc)"
+        "from_logical": "L7",
+        "id": "P7",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 exact"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -37847,7 +40478,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 0,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -37897,7 +40533,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 1,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -37950,7 +40591,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 2,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -38000,22 +40646,43 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 3,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 5,
+              "consumer": 6,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
               "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -38026,24 +40693,22 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "producer": 4,
+              "producer": 5,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
@@ -38091,7 +40756,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -38117,9 +40787,12 @@
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@@ -38191,7 +40869,12 @@
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@@ -38336,7 +41029,12 @@
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@@ -38387,7 +41085,12 @@
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@@ -38449,7 +41152,12 @@
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@@ -38551,12 +41264,9 @@
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@@ -38569,30 +41279,24 @@
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@@ -38731,7 +41398,12 @@
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@@ -38744,7 +41416,7 @@
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@@ -38782,7 +41454,12 @@
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@@ -38791,7 +41468,7 @@
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@@ -38801,6 +41478,86 @@
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@@ -38907,7 +41657,12 @@
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@@ -39049,7 +41809,12 @@
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@@ -39293,14 +42032,19 @@
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@@ -39446,38 +42142,27 @@
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@@ -39488,17 +42173,34 @@
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+                          "category": "TopK",
+                          "params": {
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@@ -39544,7 +42246,12 @@
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@@ -39591,7 +42298,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -39642,7 +42354,12 @@
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@@ -39704,7 +42421,12 @@
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@@ -39776,7 +42498,12 @@
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@@ -39806,12 +42533,9 @@
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@@ -39824,30 +42548,24 @@
                 ]
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@@ -39860,48 +42578,6 @@
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@@ -39939,7 +42615,12 @@
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@@ -39986,7 +42667,12 @@
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@@ -39999,7 +42685,7 @@
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@@ -40037,7 +42723,12 @@
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@@ -40046,7 +42737,7 @@
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@@ -40058,7 +42749,7 @@
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@@ -40072,12 +42763,9 @@
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@@ -40099,33 +42787,32 @@
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@@ -40133,26 +42820,10 @@
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@@ -40163,50 +42834,87 @@
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@@ -40222,48 +42930,6 @@
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@@ -40272,53 +42938,42 @@
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@@ -40367,7 +43022,12 @@
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@@ -40417,7 +43077,12 @@
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@@ -40470,7 +43135,12 @@
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@@ -40520,22 +43190,43 @@
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@@ -40546,24 +43237,22 @@
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@@ -40611,7 +43300,12 @@
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@@ -40620,7 +43314,7 @@
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@@ -40637,9 +43331,12 @@
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@@ -40661,7 +43358,12 @@
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@@ -40711,7 +43413,12 @@
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@@ -40810,7 +43517,12 @@
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@@ -40857,7 +43569,12 @@
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@@ -40908,7 +43625,12 @@
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@@ -40970,7 +43692,12 @@
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@@ -41042,7 +43769,12 @@
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@@ -41072,12 +43804,9 @@
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@@ -41090,30 +43819,24 @@
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@@ -41126,48 +43849,6 @@
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@@ -41205,7 +43886,12 @@
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@@ -41252,7 +43938,12 @@
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@@ -41265,7 +43956,7 @@
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@@ -41303,7 +43994,12 @@
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@@ -41312,7 +44008,7 @@
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@@ -41322,6 +44018,86 @@
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@@ -41362,28 +44138,21 @@
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@@ -41537,13 +44306,13 @@
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-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap"
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+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc)"
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@@ -41592,7 +44361,12 @@
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@@ -41642,7 +44416,12 @@
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@@ -41695,7 +44474,12 @@
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@@ -41745,55 +44529,19 @@
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@@ -41836,14 +44584,19 @@
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@@ -41886,67 +44639,19 @@
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@@ -41989,14 +44694,19 @@
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@@ -42017,13 +44727,13 @@
                     "dtype": {
                       "Sketch": [
                         {
-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
-                            "CmsWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 7,
+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
+                              "width": 30000
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@@ -42042,7 +44752,7 @@
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@@ -42088,7 +44798,12 @@
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@@ -42135,7 +44850,12 @@
                         }
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@@ -42186,7 +44906,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -42248,7 +44973,12 @@
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@@ -42320,7 +45050,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -42350,12 +45085,9 @@
                   },
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-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
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@@ -42368,30 +45100,24 @@
                 ]
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-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
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@@ -42404,48 +45130,6 @@
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@@ -42483,7 +45167,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -42530,7 +45219,12 @@
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-                      "unique_keys": []
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@@ -42543,7 +45237,7 @@
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@@ -42581,7 +45275,12 @@
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@@ -42590,7 +45289,7 @@
               "payload": {
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@@ -42602,82 +45301,7 @@
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@@ -42715,23 +45339,40 @@
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@@ -42747,13 +45388,13 @@
                     "dtype": {
                       "Sketch": [
                         {
-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
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+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -42779,17 +45420,17 @@
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
                   "SummaryAgg": {
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+                    "child": 7,
                     "family": {
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-                          "algorithm": "CmsWithHeap",
+                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
                           "category": "TopK",
                           "params": {
-                            "CmsWithHeap": {
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+                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
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                               "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 272
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@@ -42822,7 +45463,7 @@
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@@ -42871,20 +45512,20 @@
                         "k": 10
                       }
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           "roots": [
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         },
-        "from_logical": "L22",
-        "id": "P22",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CMS+heap (Sum acc)"
+        "from_logical": "L11",
+        "id": "P11",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -42933,7 +45574,12 @@
                   }
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@@ -42983,7 +45629,12 @@
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@@ -43036,7 +45687,12 @@
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@@ -43086,22 +45742,43 @@
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               "data_state": {
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                 "timing": "query_time"
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               "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
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@@ -43112,24 +45789,22 @@
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-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
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@@ -43177,7 +45852,12 @@
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@@ -43186,7 +45866,7 @@
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@@ -43203,9 +45883,12 @@
                   },
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Sum"
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@@ -43227,7 +45910,12 @@
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@@ -43277,7 +45965,12 @@
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@@ -43376,7 +46069,12 @@
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@@ -43423,7 +46121,12 @@
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@@ -43474,103 +46177,33 @@
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                 "fields": [
@@ -43584,9 +46217,12 @@
                   },
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+                      "ExactAggregate": [
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+                        "Rate"
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                     "table": null
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@@ -43608,26 +46244,65 @@
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                 "ASAP": {
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+                  "SummaryAgg": {
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+                    "family": {
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+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
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@@ -43638,60 +46313,36 @@
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                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
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@@ -43724,16 +46375,32 @@
                 "timing": "query_time"
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+                    "reduction": {
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               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 5,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -43771,7 +46438,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -43818,7 +46490,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
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                     "source": {
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@@ -43831,7 +46508,7 @@
             },
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               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 6,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -43869,7 +46546,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -43878,7 +46560,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
                   "TimeRange": {
-                    "child": 6,
+                    "child": 5,
                     "kind": "range",
                     "range": {
                       "nanos": 0,
@@ -43888,6 +46570,86 @@
                 }
               }
             },
+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "id": 7,
+              "output_schema": {
+                "closed": true,
+                "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "name": "state",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "job",
+                    "nullable": true,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                    },
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  }
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+                "time_index": 0,
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
+              },
+              "output_state": {
+                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "timing": "query_time"
+              },
+              "payload": {
+                "ASAP": {
+                  "SummaryAgg": {
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+                    "family": {
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
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+                    },
+                    "filter": null,
+                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
+                    "input": {
+                      "item": null,
+                      "weight": {
+                        "Column": "SampleValue"
+                      },
+                      "weight_domain": {
+                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                      }
+                    },
+                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
               "id": 8,
@@ -43928,28 +46690,21 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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+                ]
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               "output_state": {
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                 "timing": "query_time"
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-                        "kind": "sum"
-                      }
-                    ],
-                    "output_names": [
-                      ""
-                    ],
-                    "reduction": "PerEntity"
+                "ASAP": {
+                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
+                    "child": 7
                   }
                 }
               }
@@ -44103,13 +46858,13 @@
             }
           ],
           "roots": [
-            5,
+            4,
             10
           ]
         },
-        "from_logical": "L23",
-        "id": "P23",
-        "label": "Q1 exact (Sum acc, Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap"
+        "from_logical": "L12",
+        "id": "P12",
+        "label": "Q1 exact (Rate acc) · Q2 CountSketch+heap (Sum acc)"
       },
       {
         "dag": {
@@ -44158,7 +46913,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
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+                    0
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+                ]
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               "producer": 0,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -44208,7 +46968,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -44217,7 +46982,7 @@
             {
               "consumer": 3,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
@@ -44234,12 +46999,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -44261,7 +47023,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
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+                    0
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               "role": "Input",
@@ -44270,29 +47037,13 @@
             {
               "consumer": 4,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
+                "primitive": "SummaryState",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
               "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
-                  {
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                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -44303,30 +47054,53 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
+                      "ExactAggregate": [
+                        "Sum",
+                        "Sum"
+                      ]
                     },
-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                    "name": "state",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "time_index": null,
+                "unique_keys": [
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               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
             {
-              "consumer": 5,
+              "consumer": 6,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
               "intermediate_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
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@@ -44337,24 +47111,22 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
-                "time_index": null,
+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
+                    3,
                     0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "producer": 4,
+              "producer": 5,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
             },
@@ -44402,7 +47174,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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+                ]
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               "producer": 6,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -44452,7 +47229,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 7,
               "role": "Input",
@@ -44461,7 +47243,7 @@
             {
               "consumer": 9,
               "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
               "grouping": "NotApplicable",
@@ -44478,12 +47260,9 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Sum",
-                        "Sum"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "float64"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "value",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   },
@@ -44505,20 +47284,23 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "producer": 8,
               "role": "Input",
               "window": "NotApplicable"
-            },
+            }
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             {
-              "consumer": 10,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "id": 0,
+              "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
                   {
@@ -44555,22 +47337,96 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
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-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
-            },
-            {
-              "consumer": 11,
-              "data_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
+              "output_state": {
+                "primitive": "Raw",
                 "timing": "query_time"
               },
-              "grouping": "NotApplicable",
-              "intermediate_schema": {
+              "payload": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "Scan": {
+                    "predicates": [],
+                    "schema": {
+                      "closed": true,
+                      "fields": [
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "timestamp"
+                          },
+                          "name": "ts",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "float64"
+                          },
+                          "name": "value",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "job",
+                          "nullable": true,
+                          "table": null
+                        },
+                        {
+                          "dtype": {
+                            "Plain": "utf8"
+                          },
+                          "name": "$promql_series_identity",
+                          "nullable": false,
+                          "table": null
+                        }
+                      ],
+                      "time_index": 0,
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
+                    },
+                    "source": {
+                      "TimeSeries": {
+                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "guarantee": null,
+              "id": 1,
+              "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "timestamp"
+                    },
+                    "name": "ts",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "dtype": {
+                      "Plain": "float64"
+                    },
+                    "name": "value",
+                    "nullable": false,
+                    "table": null
+                  },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
                       "Plain": "utf8"
@@ -44581,42 +47437,41 @@
                   },
                   {
                     "dtype": {
-                      "Sketch": [
-                        {
-                          "algorithm": "CountSketchWithHeap",
-                          "category": "TopK",
-                          "params": {
-                            "CountSketchWithHeap": {
-                              "depth": 125,
-                              "heap_size": 100,
-                              "width": 30000
-                            }
-                          }
-                        },
-                        "PerSubpopulationInstance"
-                      ]
+                      "Plain": "utf8"
                     },
-                    "name": "state",
+                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
                     "nullable": false,
                     "table": null
                   }
                 ],
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+                "time_index": 0,
                 "unique_keys": [
                   [
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                     0
                   ]
                 ]
               },
-              "producer": 10,
-              "role": "Input",
-              "window": "NotApplicable"
-            }
-          ],
-          "nodes": [
+              "output_state": {
+                "primitive": "Raw",
+                "timing": "query_time"
+              },
+              "payload": {
+                "NonASAP": {
+                  "TimeRange": {
+                    "child": 0,
+                    "kind": "range",
+                    "range": {
+                      "nanos": 0,
+                      "secs": 60
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
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+            },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 0,
+              "id": 2,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -44654,105 +47509,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
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-              "payload": {
-                "NonASAP": {
-                  "Scan": {
-                    "predicates": [],
-                    "schema": {
-                      "closed": true,
-                      "fields": [
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "timestamp"
-                          },
-                          "name": "ts",
-                          "nullable": false,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "float64"
-                          },
-                          "name": "value",
-                          "nullable": false,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "utf8"
-                          },
-                          "name": "job",
-                          "nullable": true,
-                          "table": null
-                        },
-                        {
-                          "dtype": {
-                            "Plain": "utf8"
-                          },
-                          "name": "$promql_series_identity",
-                          "nullable": false,
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-                      "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
-                    },
-                    "source": {
-                      "TimeSeries": {
-                        "metric": "http_requests_total"
-                      }
-                    }
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
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-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -44760,87 +47522,18 @@
               },
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
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-                    "child": 0,
-                    "kind": "range",
-                    "range": {
-                      "nanos": 0,
-                      "secs": 60
-                    }
-                  }
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-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
-                    },
-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
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-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "utf8"
-                    },
-                    "name": "job",
-                    "nullable": true,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
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-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "SummaryState",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "SummaryAgg": {
+                  "Aggregate": {
                     "child": 1,
-                    "family": {
-                      "ExactAggregate": [
-                        "Rate",
-                        "Rate"
-                      ]
-                    },
-                    "filter": null,
-                    "grouping": "PerSubpopulationInstance",
-                    "input": {
-                      "item": null,
-                      "weight": {
-                        "Column": "SampleValue"
-                      },
-                      "weight_domain": {
-                        "kind": "unknown_or_signed"
+                    "filters": [],
+                    "having": null,
+                    "measures": [
+                      {
+                        "kind": "rate"
                       }
-                    },
+                    ],
+                    "output_names": [
+                      ""
+                    ],
                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
                 }
@@ -44849,60 +47542,6 @@
             {
               "guarantee": null,
               "id": 3,
-              "output_schema": {
-                "closed": true,
-                "fields": [
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "timestamp"
-                    },
-                    "name": "ts",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
-                  {
-                    "dtype": {
-                      "Plain": "float64"
-                    },
-                    "name": "value",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
-                  },
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-                    "name": "job",
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-                    "name": "$promql_series_identity",
-                    "nullable": false,
-                    "table": null
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-                "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
-              },
-              "output_state": {
-                "primitive": "Raw",
-                "timing": "query_time"
-              },
-              "payload": {
-                "ASAP": {
-                  "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 2
-                  }
-                }
-              }
-            },
-            {
-              "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 4,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -44940,7 +47579,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
                   "SummaryAgg": {
-                    "child": 3,
+                    "child": 2,
                     "family": {
                       "ExactAggregate": [
                         "Sum",
@@ -44969,7 +47608,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 5,
+              "id": 4,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -45004,14 +47643,14 @@
               "payload": {
                 "ASAP": {
                   "FinalizeExactAccumulator": {
-                    "child": 4
+                    "child": 3
                   }
                 }
               }
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
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+              "id": 5,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -45049,7 +47688,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
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+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -45096,7 +47740,12 @@
                         }
                       ],
                       "time_index": 0,
-                      "unique_keys": []
+                      "unique_keys": [
+                        [
+                          3,
+                          0
+                        ]
+                      ]
                     },
                     "source": {
                       "TimeSeries": {
@@ -45109,7 +47758,7 @@
             },
             {
               "guarantee": null,
-              "id": 7,
+              "id": 6,
               "output_schema": {
                 "closed": true,
                 "fields": [
@@ -45147,7 +47796,12 @@
                   }
                 ],
                 "time_index": 0,
-                "unique_keys": []
+                "unique_keys": [
+                  [
+                    3,
+                    0
+                  ]
+                ]
               },
               "output_state": {
                 "primitive": "Raw",
@@ -45156,7 +47810,7 @@
               "payload": {
                 "NonASAP": {
                   "TimeRange": {
-                    "child": 6,
+                    "child": 5,
                     "kind": "range",
                     "range": {
                       "nanos": 0,
@@ -45168,7 +47822,7 @@
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@@ -45182,12 +47836,9 @@
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-                        "Sum"
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@@ -45209,33 +47860,32 @@
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                       }
-                    },
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                     "reduction": "PerEntity"
                   }
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@@ -45243,7 +47893,7 @@
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@@ -45281,26 +47931,59 @@
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               "payload": {
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@@ -45311,146 +47994,39191 @@
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-                          "category": "TopK",
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-                              "heap_size": 100,
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@@ -45509,6 +87629,14 @@
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@@ -45557,6 +87736,10 @@
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@@ -45569,35 +87752,144 @@
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@@ -45612,39 +87904,70 @@
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@@ -45654,48 +87977,161 @@
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@@ -45718,31 +88154,27 @@
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-          },
-          "9": {
             "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
+            "detail": "limit to 1000 rows"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 197.4011,
+        "total": 55.201100000000004,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P18": {
+      "P41": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -45752,10 +88184,6 @@
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
-          "10": {
-            "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
-          },
           "2": {
             "cost": 8.0,
             "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
@@ -45769,31 +88197,23 @@
             "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
           "5": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
+            "cost": 8.0,
+            "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
           },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
-          },
-          "7": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
-          },
-          "8": {
-            "cost": 1.0,
-            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
-          },
-          "9": {
             "cost": 126.0,
             "detail": "build CountSketchWithHeap into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 126"
+          },
+          "7": {
+            "cost": 0.001,
+            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 194.4011,
+        "total": 170.20110000000003,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P19": {
+      "P42": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -45803,48 +88223,40 @@
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
-          "10": {
-            "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "limit to 1000 rows"
-          },
           "2": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "build exact Rate accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
+            "cost": 8.0,
+            "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
           },
           "3": {
-            "cost": 1.0,
-            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
-          },
-          "4": {
             "cost": 1.0,
             "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 1"
           },
-          "5": {
+          "4": {
             "cost": 0.00009999999999999999,
             "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
+          "5": {
+            "cost": 4.0,
+            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
+          },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
+            "cost": 1.0,
+            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
           },
           "7": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
+            "cost": 126.0,
+            "detail": "build CountSketchWithHeap into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 126"
           },
           "8": {
-            "cost": 8.0,
-            "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
-          },
-          "9": {
-            "cost": 14.0,
-            "detail": "sort 1000000 rows in 100 partitions"
+            "cost": 0.001,
+            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 82.40110000000001,
+        "total": 167.20110000000003,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P2": {
+      "P43": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -45855,43 +88267,39 @@
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
           "2": {
-            "cost": 8.0,
-            "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
+            "cost": 4.0,
+            "detail": "build exact Rate accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
           },
           "3": {
-            "cost": 2.0,
-            "detail": "hash aggregate 1000000 rows into 100 groups"
+            "cost": 1.0,
+            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
           },
           "4": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
+            "cost": 1.0,
+            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 1"
           },
           "5": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
+            "cost": 0.00009999999999999999,
+            "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
+            "cost": 8.0,
+            "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
           },
           "7": {
-            "cost": 1.0,
-            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
-          },
-          "8": {
             "cost": 14.0,
             "detail": "sort 1000000 rows in 100 partitions"
           },
-          "9": {
+          "8": {
             "cost": 0.001,
             "detail": "limit to 1000 rows"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 83.40100000000001,
+        "total": 55.201100000000004,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P20": {
+      "P44": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -45901,14 +88309,6 @@
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
-          "10": {
-            "cost": 14.0,
-            "detail": "sort 1000000 rows in 100 partitions"
-          },
-          "11": {
-            "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "limit to 1000 rows"
-          },
           "2": {
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "build exact Rate accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
@@ -45926,27 +88326,27 @@
             "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
+            "cost": 4.0,
+            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
           },
           "7": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
+            "cost": 1.0,
+            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
           },
           "8": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
+            "cost": 14.0,
+            "detail": "sort 1000000 rows in 100 partitions"
           },
           "9": {
-            "cost": 1.0,
-            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
+            "cost": 0.001,
+            "detail": "limit to 1000 rows"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 79.40110000000001,
+        "total": 52.201100000000004,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P23": {
+      "P47": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -45956,10 +88356,6 @@
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
-          "10": {
-            "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
-          },
           "2": {
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "build exact Rate accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
@@ -45977,27 +88373,23 @@
             "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
-          },
-          "7": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
-          },
-          "8": {
             "cost": 8.0,
             "detail": "hash aggregate 4000000 rows into 1000000 groups"
           },
-          "9": {
+          "7": {
             "cost": 126.0,
             "detail": "build CountSketchWithHeap into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 126"
+          },
+          "8": {
+            "cost": 0.001,
+            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 194.4011,
+        "total": 167.20110000000003,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
-      "P24": {
+      "P48": {
         "per_node": {
           "0": {
             "cost": 23.2,
@@ -46007,14 +88399,6 @@
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
           },
-          "10": {
-            "cost": 126.0,
-            "detail": "build CountSketchWithHeap into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 126"
-          },
-          "11": {
-            "cost": 0.001,
-            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
-          },
           "2": {
             "cost": 4.0,
             "detail": "build exact Rate accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
@@ -46032,24 +88416,24 @@
             "detail": "finalize 100 accumulators"
           },
           "6": {
-            "cost": 23.2,
-            "detail": "scan 4000000 samples"
+            "cost": 4.0,
+            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
           },
           "7": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "time range 60s: pass 4000000 rows"
+            "cost": 1.0,
+            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
           },
           "8": {
-            "cost": 4.0,
-            "detail": "build exact Sum accumulator into 1000000 states: 4000000 rows x depth 1"
+            "cost": 126.0,
+            "detail": "build CountSketchWithHeap into 100 states: 1000000 rows x depth 126"
           },
           "9": {
-            "cost": 1.0,
-            "detail": "finalize 1000000 accumulators"
+            "cost": 0.001,
+            "detail": "estimate 1000 rows from 100 states"
           }
         },
         "source": "analytical-cost-v1 (illustrative statistics)",
-        "total": 191.4011,
+        "total": 164.20110000000003,
         "unit": "cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation"
       },
       "P5": {
@@ -46282,83 +88666,203 @@
         "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
         "valid": false
       },
+      {
+        "id": "P27",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P28",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P33",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P34",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P39",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P40",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P45",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P46",
+        "reason": "q2: CmsWithHeap needs non-negative update weights, and these are not proven non-negative",
+        "valid": false
+      },
       {
         "id": "P1",
-        "reason": "costlier: 86.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 86.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P2",
-        "reason": "costlier: 83.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 83.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P5",
-        "reason": "costlier: 198.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 198.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P6",
-        "reason": "costlier: 195.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 195.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P7",
-        "reason": "costlier: 83.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 83.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P8",
-        "reason": "costlier: 80.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 80.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P11",
-        "reason": "costlier: 195.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 195.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P12",
-        "reason": "costlier: 192.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 192.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P13",
-        "reason": "costlier: 85.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 85.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P14",
-        "reason": "costlier: 82.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 82.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P17",
-        "reason": "costlier: 197.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 197.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P18",
-        "reason": "costlier: 194.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 194.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P19",
-        "reason": "costlier: 82.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 82.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P20",
+        "reason": "costlier: 79.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P23",
-        "reason": "costlier: 194.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 194.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       },
       {
         "id": "P24",
-        "reason": "costlier: 191.401 vs 79.401 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "reason": "costlier: 191.401 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P25",
+        "reason": "costlier: 59.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P26",
+        "reason": "costlier: 56.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P29",
+        "reason": "costlier: 171.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P30",
+        "reason": "costlier: 168.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P31",
+        "reason": "costlier: 56.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P32",
+        "reason": "costlier: 53.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P35",
+        "reason": "costlier: 168.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P36",
+        "reason": "costlier: 165.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P37",
+        "reason": "costlier: 58.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P38",
+        "reason": "costlier: 55.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P41",
+        "reason": "costlier: 170.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P42",
+        "reason": "costlier: 167.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P43",
+        "reason": "costlier: 55.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P47",
+        "reason": "costlier: 167.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
+        "valid": true
+      },
+      {
+        "id": "P48",
+        "reason": "costlier: 164.201 vs 52.201 cpu_ms_per_workload_evaluation",
         "valid": true
       }
     ],
-    "selected": "P20"
+    "selected": "P44"
   },
   "workload": {
     "queries": [